Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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Mistress is in General Things.
1520 Marriage of William Carey and Mary Boleyn
1600 Wedding of Henry Somerset and Anne Russell
In 1177 Cardinal Peter of Saint Chrysogonus, on behalf of the Pope, threatened to place England's continental possessions under an interdict if Henry did not proceed with the marriage. King Richard "Lionheart" I of England [aged 19] was somewhat reluctant given the rumours that Alys Capet Countess Ponthieu [aged 16] had become the mistress of his father King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England [aged 43] and, possibly, had a child by him.
In 1336 King Robert II of Scotland [aged 19] and Elizabeth Mure Queen Consort Scotland were married. She by marriage Queen Consort Scotland. She had been his mistress for a number of years.
On 18th August 1471 George Gordon 2nd Earl Huntley [aged 16] and Elizabeth Hay Countess Huntley [aged 21] were married; she having been his mistress. She by marriage Countess Huntley. She the daughter of William Hay 1st Earl Erroll and Beatrice Douglas Countess Erroll. He the son of Alexander Gordon 1st Earl Huntley and Elizabeth Crichton Countess Huntley [aged 61].
Around 1495 Margaret Drummond [aged 20] became a mistress to King James IV of Scotland [aged 21].
Around 1509 Joan Larke [aged 19] became the mistress of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey [aged 35].
Around 1515 Elizabeth "Bessie" Blount Baroness Clinton and Tailboys [aged 17] became the mistress of King Henry VIII of England and Ireland [aged 23]. Their relationship continued until around 1520, possibly longer, when she was replaced by Mary Boleyn [aged 16].
Around 1520 Marion Ogilvy [aged 25] became the mistress of Cardinal David Beaton [aged 26].
On 4th February 1520 William Carey [aged 20] and Mary Boleyn [aged 21] were married. Around the time, possibly shortly after, Mary Boleyn became mistress to King Henry VIII of England and Ireland [aged 28] leading to speculation one or both of her children were fathered by Henry1. She the daughter of Thomas Boleyn 1st Earl Wiltshire and Ormonde [aged 43] and Elizabeth Howard Countess of Wiltshire and Ormonde [aged 40]. They were fifth cousins. He a great x 4 grandson of King Edward III of England.
The evidence for Mary being Henry's mistress:
Henry VIII's 1527 dispensation to marry Anne appears to seek dispensation to marry:
1. someone who was previously contracted to marry another, which might refer to either, or both, Henry Percy [aged 18] or James Butler, and
2. "or of the first degree of affinity, from any lawful or unlawful union" which can only be a reference to a sister of Queen Anne Boleyn of England [aged 19] i.e. Mary Boleyn.
Letters and Papers Foreign and Domestic. 20 Oct 1537. George Throckmorton letter relating to events around 1531 where Henry responds to an accusation that he had relationships with both Anne Boleyn's mother and sister "Never with the mother". Cromwell goes on the say never with the sister either.
Defense of the Unity of the Church Book III, 1536, letter from Cardinal Reginald Pole to King Henry VIII accusing him of double standards by attempting to annul his marriage with Queen Katherine on the basis of her having previously been married, albeit unconsummated, to Henry's brother Arthur, as a means to allow Henry to marry Anne Boleyn, with whose sister Henry had had a carnal relationship.
1536 Letter from Ambassador Chapuys to the Emperor in which Chapuys writes "Others tell me that the said Archbishop had pronounced the marriage of the King and Concubine [Anne] invalid on account of the King having had connection with her sister [Mary]."
Note 1. The date given by an entry in the King's Payments for 1520. The date appears to have been inserted so may not appear in the original text?
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On 18th June 1522 Gilbert Tailboys 1st Baron Tailboys [aged 24] and Elizabeth "Bessie" Blount Baroness Clinton and Tailboys [aged 24] were married. She the former mistress of King Henry VIII of England and Ireland [aged 30] had given birth to Henry's illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy 1st Duke Richmond and Somerset [aged 3] in June 1519.
Around 1534 Diane de Poitiers [aged 33] became the mistress of King Henry II of France [aged 14].
From February 1535 Margaret "Madge" Shelton was believed to have been a mistress of King Henry VIII of England and Ireland [aged 43]. Eustace Chapuys [aged 45] refers to "Mistress Shelton". Others have suggested "Mistress Shelton" could be Madge's sister Mary Shelton [aged 25].
The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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On 28th April 1573 Charles Valois Duke Angoulême was born illegitimately to Charles IX King France [aged 22] and Marie Touchet [aged 24]. The only child of Charles IX King France. She, Marie Touchet, would subsequently marry and have issue two daughters, Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues and Marie Charlotte de Balzac d'Entragues who were both mistresses to Henry IV King France [aged 19].
Around 1580 Anne Vavasour [aged 20] became the mistress of Edward de Vere 17th Earl of Oxford [aged 29]. The affair led to open skirmishes and duels in the streets of London, between Oxford and Anne's uncle, Thomas Knyvet 1st Baron Knyvet [aged 35], and his men, which on one occasion led to the wounding of both men, and the death of one of Oxford's men.
Before 1590 Anne Vavasour [aged 29] became the mistress of Henry Lee of Ditchley [aged 56].
On 16th June 1600 Henry Somerset 1st Marquess Worcester [aged 23] and Anne Russell Countess Worcester [aged 22] were married. He the son of Edward Somerset 4th Earl of Worcester [aged 50] and Elizabeth Hastings Countess of Worcester [aged 54]. They were fifth cousins.
Mary Fitton [aged 21] led a Masque in celebration at the Blackfriars residence of Henry Brooke 11th Baron Cobham [aged 35] with Queen Elizabeth I of England and Ireland [aged 66] and William Herbert 3rd Earl Pembroke [aged 20] attending. She, Mary soon afterwards became the mistress of William Herbert 3rd Earl Pembroke and soon became pregnant.
From 1605 to 1609 Marie Charlotte de Balzac d'Entragues [aged 17] was mistress to Henry IV King France [aged 51].
In 1609 Henry Bourbon Condé II Prince Condé [aged 20] and Charlotte Marguerite Montmorency Princess Condé [aged 14] were married. She by marriage Princess Condé. A marriage arranged by Henry IV King France [aged 55] who wanted her for a mistress; the couple travelled to Brussels to avoid his attention. He the son of Henri Bourbon Condé Prince Condé and Charlotte Catherine Tremoille Princess Condé. They were fourth cousin once removed.
On 6th January 1658 Charles Louis Palatinate Simmern [aged 40] and Maria Susanne Luise von Degenfeld [aged 23] were married morganatically. She had previously been his mistress. As a result of the marriage being morganatic their children were excluded from the succession. He the son of Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine and Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia [aged 61].
On 11th December 1661 Roger Palmer 1st Earl Castlemaine [aged 27] was created 1st Earl Castlemaine, 1st Baron Limerick by King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 31] in gratitude for allowing his wife Barbara Villiers 1st Duchess of Cleveland [aged 21] to become the King's mistress. Barbara Villiers 1st Duchess of Cleveland by marriage Countess Castlemaine. The title was to descend only to children of Barbara, which in effect, constrained it to her children with Charles. See Diary of Samuel Pepys, 7th December 1661.
Around 1662 Winifred Wells Maid of Honour [aged 20] became a mistress of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 31].
In 1665 John Denham [aged 50] and Margaret Brooke Lady Denham [aged 25] were married. She, thereafter, conducted a very public affair with the future King James II [aged 31]. To her husband's mortification, she insisted on being acknowledged publicly as a Royal mistress, saying that she would not, unlike her predecessor Goditha Price "go up and down the back stairs". The difference in their ages was 25 years.
Around 1665 Arabella Churchill [aged 15] became the mistress of James, Duke of York [aged 31].
Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.
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Around 1667 Mary "Moll" Davis [aged 19] became a mistress of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 36].
Around 1667 Diana Kirke Countess of Oxford became the mistress of Aubrey de Vere 20th Earl of Oxford [aged 39].
Before 1672 Louise Kéroualle 1st Duchess Portsmouth [aged 22] became a mistress of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 41].
In 1673 Margaret "Peg" Hughes [aged 43] became the mistress of Prince Rupert Palatinate Simmern 1st Duke Cumberland [aged 53].
On 19th August 1673 Louise Kéroualle 1st Duchess Portsmouth [aged 23] was created 1st Duchess Portsmouth, 1st Countess Fareham, 1st Baroness Petersfield by King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 43] for life for being his mistress and for having given birth to his son Charles Lennox 1st Duke Richmond [aged 1].
Around 1674 Henri Gascar [aged 39] came to England, probably at the request of Louise Kéroualle 1st Duchess Portsmouth [aged 24], mistress of Charles II King Scotland.
Around 1675 Mary Beale aka Cradock [aged 41]. Portrait of Lady Norwich. Probably Jane Bickerton Duchess Norfolk [aged 32] who married the Duke around 1675 being his mistress prior to their marriage.
Before 1676 Catherine Sedley Countess Dorchester and Portmore [aged 18] became the mistress of James, Duke of York [aged 42].
Around June 1676 Hortense Mancini Duchess of Mazarin [aged 29] had become the mistress of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 46] for whom he had provided a pension of £4000 each year.
In 1686 Catherine Sedley Countess Dorchester and Portmore [aged 28] was created 1st Countess Dorchester for life by King James II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 52] for services as his mistress. Her father Charles Sedley 5th Baronet [aged 46] quipped "As the king has made my daughter a countess, the least I can do, in common gratitude, is to assist in making his Majesty's daughter [aged 23] a queen".
Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke
Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson.
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In 1691 Edward Villiers 1st Earl Jersey [aged 35] was created 1st Viscount Villiers, 1st Baron Villiers probably as a consequence of his sister Barbara Villiers Viscountess Fitzhardinge [aged 37] being a mistress of King William III of England, Scotland and Ireland [aged 40]. Barbara Chiffinch Countess Jersey [aged 28] by marriage Viscountess Villiers.
In 1697 Edward Villiers 1st Earl Jersey [aged 41] was created 1st Earl Jersey probably as a consequence of his sister Barbara Villiers Viscountess Fitzhardinge [aged 43] being a mistress of King William III of England, Scotland and Ireland [aged 46]. Barbara Chiffinch Countess Jersey [aged 34] by marriage Countess Jersey.
In 1698 David Colyear was born to David Colyear 1st Earl Portmore [aged 42] and Catherine Sedley Countess Dorchester and Portmore [aged 40]. Given his mother was a recent mistress of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 64] it is possible the father was King James II of England Scotland and Ireland.
On 27th August 1700 Charles Colyear 2nd Earl Portmore was born to David Colyear 1st Earl Portmore [aged 44] and Catherine Sedley Countess Dorchester and Portmore [aged 42]. Given his mother was a recent mistress of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 66] it is possible the father was King James II of England Scotland and Ireland.
On 13th April 1703 David Colyear 1st Earl Portmore [aged 47] was created 1st Earl Portmore. Possibly for having married the King's former mistress Catherine Sedley Countess Dorchester and Portmore [aged 45]. Catherine Sedley Countess Dorchester and Portmore by marriage Countess Portmore.
Around 1706 Frances Stewart became the mistress of John Sheffield 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby [aged 57].
In 1714 Henrietta Hobart Countess Suffolk [aged 25] travelled to Hanover, hoping to ingratiate themselves with the future George I of Great Britain. She became the mistress of his son King George II of Great Britain and Ireland [aged 30].
Before 1732 Anne Vane became the a mistress of Frederick Louis Hanover Prince of Wales [aged 24].
On 25th December 1744 Henry Brydges 2nd Duke Chandos [aged 36] and Anne Wells Duchess Chandos were married at Keith's Chapel, Mayfair. She by marriage Duchess Chandos. Two versions of their meeting are related... He the son of James Brydges 1st Duke Chandos and Mary Lake.
Notes & Queries 1870 4th Series, Vol. 6, p.179: Lord Omery remarked, on 15th January 1745, "Of her person & character people speak variously, but all agree that both are very bad." He was speaking of Anne, Duchess of Chandos. She was the daughter of one John Wells of Newbury (& St. Marylebone) whose arms appear as azure, three fountains proper, on her hatchment at Keynsham Church. She was chambermaid at the Pelican Inn Newbury, and married to Jeffries the Ostler there. There is a story about the Duchess told by an old lady of Newbury, who was ten years old at the time. Henry Bridges, 2nd Duke of Chandos, while on his way to London, dined at the Pelican Inn in Newbury, with a companion (it has been claimed that the Inn was the Marlborough Castle, but this is incorrect). After dinner there was a stir and a bustle in the Inn Yard. The explanation came that "A man is going to sell his wife and they are leading her up the yard with a halter round her neck". "We will go and see the sale, " said the Duke. On entering the yard, however, he was so smitten with the woman's beauty and the patient way she waited to be set free from her ill‑conditioned husband, the Inn's ostler, that he bought her himself. She was his mistress for some years. In August 1738 his wife died, and by 1744 the ostler was dead also, and the two were finally married at Mr. Keith's Chapel, Mayfair on 25th December 1744.
The Gentleman's Magazine 1832. The Duke of Chandos, while staying at a small country inn, saw the ostler beating his wife in a most cruel manner; he interfered and literally bought her for half a crown. She was a young and pretty woman; the Duke had her educated; and on the husband's death he married her. On her death-bed, she had her whole household assembled, told them her history, and drew from it a touching moral of reliance on Providence; as from the most wretched situation, she had been suddenly raised to one of the greatest prosperity; she entreated their forgiveness if at any time she had given needless offence, and then dismissed them with gifts; dying almost in the very act.
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Before 1748 Robiana Brown became the mistress of Charles Mordaunt 4th Earl Peterborough 2nd Earl Monmouth [aged 39].
The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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On 23rd March 1769 Augustus Henry Fitzroy 3rd Duke Grafton [aged 33] and Anne Liddell Duchess Grafton [aged 32] were divorced when he discovered she was pregnant by her lover John Fitzpatrick 2nd Earl Upper Ossory [aged 23] whom she subsequently married. Plans to marry his mistress Anne aka Nancy Parsons Viscountess Maynard [aged 34], if they existed, were undermined by the discovery he discovered she was having an affair with John Frederick Sackville 3rd Duke Dorset [aged 23].
In or before 1783 Banastre Tarleton 1st Baronet [aged 28] and Mary "Perdita" Darby aka Robinson [aged 25] had a relationship. She the former mistress of King George IV of Great Britain and Ireland [aged 20].
In 1785 Elizabeth Ilive Countess Egremont [aged 16] became the mistress of George O'Brien Wyndham 3rd Earl Egremont [aged 33].
In 1788 William Elector of Hesse [aged 44] abducted Caroline Countess of Schlotheim [aged 22] and made her his mistress.
In 1792 Henry Crewe 7th Baronet [aged 29] and Anne "Nanette" Hawkins [aged 26] were married. She, a lady's maid, having been his mistress. They had had one child before their marriage.
In 1807 Francis Ingram Seymour-Conway 2nd Marquess Hertford [aged 63] took his wife Isabella Anne Ingram Marchioness Hertford [aged 47] to Ireland in an attempt to prevent King George IV of Great Britain and Ireland [aged 44] taking her as a mistress. By the summer King George IV of Great Britain and Ireland was a regular visitor at Ragley Hall, Alcester and Hertford aka Manchester House Manchester Square Marylebone.
Around 1819 Elizabeth Denison Marchioness Conyngham [aged 49] replaced Isabella Anne Ingram Marchioness Hertford [aged 59] as the mistress of King George IV of Great Britain and Ireland [aged 56].
1853. William Holman Hunt [aged 25]. "Awakening Conscience". A mistress realises the undesirability of her actions. Note the absence of a wedding ring on her finger. Hunt hired a room at 7 Alpha Place, a "maison de convenance" to complete the painting. The painting has many symbols: the cat toying with the broken-winged bird under the table symbolises the woman's plight, a man's discarded glove warns that the likely fate of a cast-off mistress was prostitution, a tangled skein of yarn on the floor symbolises the web in which the girl is entrapped. The frame, designed by Hunt, also contains various symbolic emblems; the bells and marigolds stand for warning and sorrow, the star is a sign of spiritual revelation. [Source. Tate]. The model is Annie Miller [aged 18].
1858. Frederick Sandes [aged 28]. "Queen Eleanor". Note the cup of poison in her right hand and the dagger in her left hand with which she would offer Rosamund, mistress of her husband Henry II, a choice as to how to die.
On 28th September 1858 James Brudenell 7th Earl Cardigan [aged 60] and Adeline Horsey Countess Cardigan [aged 33] were married; she had been his mistress since 1857. She by marriage Countess Cardigan. The marriage something of a scandal since James Brudenell 7th Earl Cardigan had left his first wife; Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom [aged 39] refused to have Adeline at court. See My Recollections by Adeline Horsey. The difference in their ages was 27 years. He the son of Robert Brudenell 6th Earl Cardigan and Penelope Cooke Countess Cardigan.
After 11th June 1864 Susan Charlotte Catherine Pelham-Clinton [aged 25] became the mistress of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom [aged 22]. She is believed by some to have had a child with the Prince although evidence is scant.
Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.
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Around 1872 Olivia Taylour [aged 47] unsuccessfully attempted, allegedly, to become the mistress of Prince Albert Saxe Coburg Gotha. Around the same time her daughter Mary "Patsy" Fitzpatrick [aged 16], aged sixteen, became the mistress of his son King Edward VII of the United Kingdom [aged 30]. She, Patsy, was married off to William Cornwallis-West [aged 36].
On 30th April 1884 father and daughter, Prince Louis Hesse Darmstadt IV Grand Duke [aged 46] and Victoria Hesse Darmstadt Marchioness Milford Haven [aged 21], were both married on the same, or near, days, he taking advantage pf his relatives being in Darmstadt for his daughter's wedding. He, apparently, didn't approve of his daughter's choice of his first cousin Prince Louis of Battenburg 1st Marquess Milford Haven [aged 29] since they, Prince Louis of Battenburg 1st Marquess Milford Haven and Victoria Hesse Darmstadt Marchioness Milford Haven would live in Britain.
Prince Louis of Battenburg 1st Marquess Milford Haven and Victoria Hesse Darmstadt Marchioness Milford Haven were married. She the daughter of Prince Louis Hesse Darmstadt IV Grand Duke and Princess Alice Saxe Coburg Gotha. They were first cousin once removed. She a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.
In the evening Prince Louis Hesse Darmstadt IV Grand Duke and Alexandrina Hutten Czapska [aged 29] were married. She being his former mistress. Apparently, they separated within a week and the marriage was annulled within three months.
Around 1898 Alice Frederica Edmonstone aka Keppel [aged 29] became the mistress of King Edward VII [aged 56]. She remained his mistress for the remainder of his life.
On 24th May 1900 Sonia Rosemary Keppel was born to George Keppel [aged 34] and Alice Frederica Edmonstone aka Keppel [aged 32]. Given that she was at the time the mistress of King Edward VII [aged 58] there is some uncertainty as to whether George Keppel was her father. She married (1) 16th November 1920 Roland Cubitt 3rd Baron Ashcombe, son of Henry Cubitt 2nd Baron Ashcombe and Maud Marianne Calvert, and had issue.
On 30th December 1915 the SS Persia was torpedoed near without warning by the German U-boat U-38, commanded by Max Valentiner. It sank in five to ten minutes, killing 343 of the 519 aboard.
John Douglas-Scott-Montagu 2nd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu [aged 49] survived. His mistress Eleanor Thornton [aged 35] drowned.