Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses

Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.

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Ordinaries

Ordinaries is in Terms.

Bendlet

Joicey Arms. Argent three lozenges Sable within two bendlets invected gules between two miners' picks in bend proper. Source.

Fret. Two narrow bendlets placed in saltire, and interlaced with a mascle. A fishing-net?.

Bendy

Bendy is a pattern of diagonal stripes (bendlet), running from top-left to bottom-right.

Crusilly

Crusilly. Sprinkled. Similar, if not the same as Semée.

Beresford Arms. Argent, crusilly fitchée sable, three fleurs-de-lis within a bordure engrailed of the second. Source.

Orle

Orle. A border around the edge of the shield composed of charges.

Brownlow Arms. Or an escutcheon within an orle of martlets sable. Source

Pale

Pale. Vertically. Usually a vertical stripe, sometimes an animal.

Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall

The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall (Chronicon Anglicanum) is an indispensable medieval history that brings to life centuries of English and European affairs through the eyes of a learned Cistercian monk. Ralph of Coggeshall, abbot of the Abbey of Coggeshall in Essex in the early 13th century, continued and expanded his community’s chronicle, documenting events from the Norman Conquest of 1066 into the tumultuous reign of King Henry III. Blending eyewitness testimony, careful compilation, and the monastic commitment to record-keeping, this chronicle offers a rare narrative of political intrigue, royal power struggles, and social upheaval in England and beyond. Ralph’s work captures the reigns of pivotal figures such as Richard I and King John, providing invaluable insights into their characters, decisions, and the forces that shaped medieval rule. More than a simple annal, Chronicon Anglicanum conveys the texture of medieval life and governance, making it a rich source for scholars and readers fascinated by English history, monastic authorship, and the shaping of the medieval world.

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Brandon Arms. Barry of ten argent and gules, a lion rampant or ducally crowned per pale of the first and second. Source.

Semée

Semée. Seeded like the field being sown.

Brunswick Luneburg Arms. Per pale, I gules two lions passant guardant or (for Brunswick), II or a semy of hearts gules a lion rampant azure (for Lunenburg).

Darcy Arms. Azure semée of cross crosslets argent, three cinquefoils of the last. Source.

Holand Arms. Azure, semée-de-lys argent, a lion rampant. Source.

Annals of the six Kings of England by Nicholas Trivet

Translation of the Annals of the Six Kings of England by that traces the rise and rule of the Angevin aka Plantagenet dynasty from the mid-12th to early 14th century. Written by the Dominican scholar Nicholas Trivet, the work offers a vivid account of English history from the reign of King Stephen through to the death of King Edward I, blending political narrative with moral reflection. Covering the reigns of six monarchs—from Stephen to Edward I—the chronicle explores royal authority, rebellion, war, and the shifting balance between crown, church, and nobility. Trivet provides detailed insight into defining moments such as baronial conflicts, Anglo-French rivalry, and the consolidation of royal power under Edward I, whose reign he describes with particular immediacy. The Annals combines careful year-by-year reporting with thoughtful interpretation, presenting history not merely as a sequence of events but as a moral and political lesson. Ideal for readers interested in medieval history, kingship, and the origins of the English state, this chronicle remains a valuable and accessible window into the turbulent world of the Plantagenet kings.

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NO IMAGE. Azure semée of fleur-de-lys or, a lion rampant argent. Source.

Tressure

Tressure. A subordinary. A line or two lines forming a border. Possibly a diminutive of the orle.

Double Tressure

Double Tressure Flory

Duke Atholl Arms. Earl Atholl Arms overall, an inescutcheon en surtout azure three mullets argent within a double tressure flory or ensigned of a Marquess's coronet. Source.

Bowes Lyon Arms. Quarterly 1&4 Argent a lion rampant azure, armed and langued gules within a double tressure flory counter-flory of the second (for Lyon); 2&3 ermine three bows stringed palewise in fess proper (for Bowes).

Marquess Zetland Arms. Dundas Arms within a double tressure flory counterflory gules, all within a bordure azure. Source.

Dunkeld Arms. Or a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure a double tressure flory counter-flory gules.

Murray Arms. Azure, three mullets argent, within a double tressure flory counter-flory or. Source.

Earl Roseberry Arms. Quarterly, 1&4 vert, three primroses within a double tressure flory counter-flory or (for Primrose); 2&3 argent, a lion rampant double queued sable (for Cressy). Source.

Stewart Royal Arms. Or a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure within a double tressure flory counter-flory of the second.

Vair

Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke

Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson.

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Vair describes the pattern made frrom squirrel furs.

NO IMAGE. Argent, a chief vairy or and gules a bend sable. Source.