The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Effigy of Sir Humphrey Littlebury

Effigy of Sir Humphrey Littlebury is in Monumental Effigies of Great Britain.

THIS effigy is in Holbeach church, Lincolnshire. The border of the surcoat is formed into leaves. The cuisses are semee with cinquefoil studs. Relative to the application of nails to body-armour, the following passage from Philip de Comines seems to be in point: "The Dukes of Berry and Bretagne were at their ease upon their hobbies, armed only with gilt nails sown upon sattin, that they might weigh the lessa." Details. 1. Roundel of plate at the elbow. 2. One of the compartments of the ornamented girdle. 3. Side-view of the handle of the sword, with that portion of the scabbard which remains. 4. Cinquefoil stud on the cuisses.

Note a. Memoirs of Philip de Comines, book i.