Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall
The Chronicle of Abbot Ralph of Coggeshall (Chronicon Anglicanum) is an indispensable medieval history that brings to life centuries of English and European affairs through the eyes of a learned Cistercian monk. Ralph of Coggeshall, abbot of the Abbey of Coggeshall in Essex in the early 13th century, continued and expanded his community’s chronicle, documenting events from the Norman Conquest of 1066 into the tumultuous reign of King Henry III. Blending eyewitness testimony, careful compilation, and the monastic commitment to record-keeping, this chronicle offers a rare narrative of political intrigue, royal power struggles, and social upheaval in England and beyond. Ralph’s work captures the reigns of pivotal figures such as Richard I and King John, providing invaluable insights into their characters, decisions, and the forces that shaped medieval rule. More than a simple annal, Chronicon Anglicanum conveys the texture of medieval life and governance, making it a rich source for scholars and readers fascinated by English history, monastic authorship, and the shaping of the medieval world.
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William Morris' Funeral is in Modern Era.
1966. William Morris' Funeral by William E. Fredeman.
Tuesday, October 6, 1896, was a storm day throughout England, and in the region of Lechlade, in the Thames valley, the winds and rain were unseasonably violent. For at least two observers1, the storm, confirming Ruskin's principle of the pathetic fallacy, was nature's boisterous and saga-like accompaniment to William Morris' departure from this 'Earthly Paradise'.
As we never associated William Morris with fine weather, rather taking him to be a pilot poet lent by the Vikings to steer us from the Doldrums in which we now lie all becalmed in smoke to some ValhaUa of his own creation beyond the world's end, it seemed appropriate thac on his burial-day the rain descended and the wind blew half a gale from the north-west. (p. 389)2
Note 1. R. B. Cunninghame-Graham. 'With the North-West Wind', Saturday Review, LXXXII, No. 2137 (10 October 1896), 389-90- the other articles are by G. B. Shaw on 'Morris as Actor and Dramatist', and by Arthur Symons on 'Morris as Poet'; J. W. Mackail, The Life of Wi/liam Morris (London: Longmans, 1899), Vol. lI, 347-349. Quotations from these two sources are documented internally.
Note 2. It is an amusing inconsistency that Mackail, describing the storm, says that it 'raged with great violence over the whole country, with furious south-westerly gales ...'
Morris died, after several months of 'general organic degenera tion', at Kelmscott House, Hammersmith, on Saturday, October 3, 1896· He died, MackaiJ says, 'quietly and without visible suffer ing' (II, 335)' Three days later, his body, accompanied by sundry mourners, was taken by train to Lechlade and interred in the churchyard at Kelmscott in a shon and simple ceremony, wholly devoid of the 'pomp of organized mourning' (II, 348). Considering the distance from London, the inconvenience of travel, and the weather, the funeral, for all its simplicity, was well attended:
Artists and authors, archaeologists, with men of letters, Academicians, the pulpit, stage, the Press, the statesmen. craftsmen, and artificers, whether of books, or of pictures, or idlers, all otherwise engaged ... The Guilds were absent, with the Trades-Unions and the craftsmen, the hammermen, the weavers, matchmakers, and those for whom he worked and thought. (p. 389)