Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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Stonehenge Bank and Ditches Carbon Dates is in Stonehenge Phase I Bank and Ditches.
Carbon Date. 2550BC. Late Neolithic Carbon Dates
Report: bone:red deer
ID: 6065, C14 ID: OxA-4833 Date BP: 4550 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 4490, End BP: 4610
Abstract: Stonehenge, England
Archaeologist Name: Allen
Reference Name: Archaeometry 38(2), 1996, 391-415
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2432BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 2934, bottom of primary ditch (C.25.4) of Phase 1 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.
ID: 8048, C14 ID: UB-3794 Date BP: 4432 +/- 22, Start Date BP: 4410, End BP: 4454
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2430BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 2800, bottom of primary ditch (C.22) of Phase 1 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.
ID: 8044, C14 ID: UB-3789 Date BP: 4430 +/- 18, Start Date BP: 4412, End BP: 4448
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2405BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Bone, id as 3 articulated cattle vertebrae, from ditch L-Q (C42, S54; S62, 834, 854) at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Subm 1995[?]. Comment (M J Allen): from very early in Phase 2, representing secondary fills of ditch and construction of timber structures. This deposit and that of OxA-5981 both retained tendons and sinew on deposition and so cannot be considered as residual. This date overlaps range of high precision dates for Phase I ditch-digging.
ID: 8268, C14 ID: OxA-5982 Date BP: 4405 +/- 30, Start Date BP: 4375, End BP: 4435
OS Letter: SSU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: R Cleal et al
Reference Name: Archaeometry, 38, 1996, 401-7; Archaeometry, 39, 1997, 252 (supplementary information Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2 [not this date]
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2397BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 1552, secondary ditch near ENE causeway (C.25.2), cast-in chalk of Phase 2 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.
ID: 8056, C14 ID: UB-3791 Date BP: 4397 +/- 18, Start Date BP: 4379, End BP: 4415
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2393BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 2934, bottom of primary ditch (C.25.4) of Phase 1 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.
ID: 8047, C14 ID: UB-3793 Date BP: 4393 +/- 18, Start Date BP: 4375, End BP: 4411
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2390BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, id as red deer (Cervus elaphus L), from base of Stonehenge I ditch at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England.
ID: 8928, C14 ID: BM-1617 Date BP: 4390 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 4330, End BP: 4450
Abstract: ST 122422
Archaeologist Name: R J C Atkinson & J G Evans
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 24, 1982, 233-4; Proc Prehist Soc, 48, 1982, 75-132 esp 128
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2381BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 2804, bottom of primary ditch (C.28.10) of Phase 1 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.
ID: 8042, C14 ID: UB-3788 Date BP: 4381 +/- 18, Start Date BP: 4363, End BP: 4399
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2375BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 2801, bottom of primary ditch (C.20) of Phase 1 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.Stonehenge Bronze Age Carbon Dates
ID: 8043, C14 ID: UB-3787 Date BP: 4375 +/- 19, Start Date BP: 4356, End BP: 4394
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2367BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler, from context 2799, bottom of primary ditch (C.22 D-E) of Phase 1 at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Comment (subm): Date accepted as reliable; 2 sigma cal range given.
ID: 8045, C14 ID: UB-3790 Date BP: 4367 +/- 18, Start Date BP: 4349, End BP: 4385
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: (ed Cleal)
Reference Name: Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2, Table 64
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 2220BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Bone, id as piglet, C20, AB49, AB50, from articulated skeleton in ditch at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. Subm 1995[?]. Comment (M J Allen): from earlier part of Phase 2, representing secondary fills of ditch and construction of timber structures. This deposit and that of OxA-5982 both retained tendons and sinew on deposition and so cannot be considered as residual.
ID: 8267, C14 ID: OxA-5981 Date BP: 4220 +/- 35, Start Date BP: 4185, End BP: 4255
OS Letter: SSU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: R Cleal et al
Reference Name: Archaeometry, 38, 1996, 401-7; Archaeometry, 39, 1997, 252 (supplementary information Cleal, R M J et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape: 20th century excavations' (Engl Heritage Archaeol Rep, 10, 1995), appendix 2 [not this date]
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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Carbon Date. 2130BC. Early Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Antler dating ditch construction at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England. [Ed: could this lab no. be error for I-2382??]
ID: 3904, C14 ID: I-2328 Date BP: 4130 +/- 105, Start Date BP: 4025, End BP: 4235
OS Letter: SU, OS East: 123, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: S Piggott et al
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 2, 1960, 27; Radiocarbon, 10, 1968, 288; Radiocarbon, 21, 1979, 341-2; Science, 114, 1951, 292; Antiquity, 41, 1967, 63-4; Antiquity, 50, 1976, 239-40; R M J Cleal et al, 'Stonehenge in its landscape' (1995) [re-evaluation of date series]
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 1715BC. Middle Bronze Age Carbon Dates
Report: Bone collagen, id as human femur, from burial inserted in upper secondary fill of enclosure ditch near W terminal of Stonehenge I; wristguard and arrows in association; also dates earliest bluestone chips on site at Stonehenge, Wiltshire, England.
ID: 8929, C14 ID: BM-1582 Date BP: 3715 +/- 70, Start Date BP: 3645, End BP: 3785
OS Letter: ST, OS East: 122, OS North: 422
Archaeologist Name: R J C Atkinson & J G Evans
Reference Name: Radiocarbon, 24, 1982, 233-4; Proc Prehist Soc, 48, 1982, 75-132 esp 128
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767