Hall's Chronicle 1533
Hall's Chronicle 1533 is in Hall's Chronicle.
1532 Execution of Elizabeth Barton and her Supporters
1533 Anne Boleyn's First Appearance as Queen
After the King perceiving his new wife Queen Anne (age 32), to be great with child, caused all officers necessary, to be appointed to her, and so on Easter eve, she went to her Closet openly as Queen, with all solemnity, and then the King appointed the day of her Coronation, to be kept on Whit Sunday next following, and writings were sent to all Shires, to certify the names of men of forty pound, to receive the Order of Knighthood, or else to make a fine: the assessment of which fines, were appointed to Thomas Cromwell, Master of the Kings Jewel House, and counsellor to the king, and newly in his high favour, which so politicly handled the matter, that he raised of that seizing of fines, a great sum of money to the Kings use. Also the King wrote letters to the city of London, to prepare pageants against the same coronation.
23 Apr 1533. The king in the beginning of this twenty-fifth yere kept the day of Saint George, at his Manor of Greenwich, with great solemnity, and the Court was greatly replenished, with lords, knights and with ladies and gentlewomen, to a great number, with all solace and pleasure. You have hard the last yere, how the Parliament had enacted that no person should after a day, appeal to Rome for any cause, whatsoever it were, and that the Queen now, called the Princes Dowager, had appealed to the Court of Rome, before the act made, so that it was doubted, whether that appeal were good or not. This question was well handled in the Parliament house, but much better in the Convocation house, but in both houses it was alleged, yea, and by books showed, that in the Counsels of Calcedone, Affricke, Toletane, and diverse other famous Counsels, in the primitive Churche, yea, in the time of Saint Augustine, it was affirmed, declared, and determined, that a cause rising in one Province, should be determined in the same, and that neither the patriarch of Constantinople, should meddle in causes moved in the jurisdiction of the patriarch of Antioch, nor no bishop should intermit, within anothers Province or country: which things were so clerkly opened, so cunningly set forth to all intent, that every man that had wit, and was determined to follow the truth, and not affect nor wilfully wedded to his own mind, might plainly see that all appeals made to Rome, were clearly void and of none effect: which Doctrines and Counsels, were showed to the lady Katerine Princes Dowager, but she (as women love to lose no dignity) ever continued in her old song, trusting more to the Popes partiality, than to the determination of Christ's verity. Whereupon the Archbishop of Canterbury, accompanied with the bishops of London, Winchester, Bath, Lincoln, and diverse other great clerks, in a great number rode to Dunstable, which is six miles from Ampthil, where the Princes Dowager lay, and there by a Doctor called Doctor Lee, she was ascited to appear before the said Archbishopp, in cause of Matrimony, in the said town of Dunstable, and at the day of appearance she would not appear, but made default, and so she was called peremptory, every day, fifteen days together, and at the last for lack of appearance, and for contumacy, by the assent of all the learned men there being present, she was divorced from the king, and their Marriage declared to be void and of none effect, which sentence given, the Archbishop and all the other, returned whether it pleased them.
After which divorce sued, many wise men said, that the king was not well counselled, to marry the lady Anne Boleyn (age 32), before the divorce were adjudged, for by marrying before the first marriage was dissolved, they said, that the second marriage might be brought in question, and verily they said true, for so it was in the month of May, three year following, as you shall here after, when I come to the time. Of this divorce every man spoke, as his discretion and wisdom was, for wise men said that it was Godly and honourably done, for the discharge of the King’s conscience, and profitable for the surety of the realm, and that God loved this marriage, considering that the new Queen, was so soon with child. Other said that the bishop of Rome, would curse all Englishmen and that the emperor and he, would invade the realm, and destroy the people, and especially the Spaniards boasted much, but thanks be to God, their doings were much less than their words: but after every man had talked enough, there was no more communing of the matter, but all was in peace.
A little before this time was there a worshipful esquire in Gloucestershire called William Tracy of Todington which made in his will that he would no funeral pomp at his burying, neither passed he upon Masse, and farther said that he trusted in God only and hoping by him to be saved, and not by no saint. This gentleman dyed and his son as executor brought the will to the bishop of Canterbury to prone, which he showed to the convocation and there unadvisedly they adjudged him to be taken out of the ground and to be brent as an heretic, and sent a commission to doctor Parker Chancellor of the diocese of Worcester to execute their sentence, which accomplished the same. The King hearing his subject to be exhumated and burned without his knowledge or order of his law sent for the Chancellor and laid the high offence to him, which excused him by the Archbishop of Canterbury which was late dead: but in conclusion it cost him three hundred pound to have his pardon. But yet for a farther truth to be known of this gentleman’s death, and the cruel ignorance of the Bishops, I have here expressed his will word by word as follows.
In the name of God Amen, I William Tracy of Toddington in the County of Gloucester esquire make my Testament and last will as hereafter follows. First and before all other things I commit me unto God and to his mercy, believing without any doubt or mistrust that by his grace and the merits of Jesus Christ, and by the virtue of his passion and of his resurrection I have and shall have remission of my sins and resurrection of body and soul according as it is written, I believe that my redeemer lieth, and that in the last day shall rise out of the earth and in my flesh shall see my saviour, this my hope is laid up in my bosom.
And touching the wealth of my soul, the faith that I have taken and rehearsed is sufficient (as I suppose) without any other mans work or works. My ground and belief is, that there is but one God and one mediator between God and man, which is Jesus Christ, so that I accept none in heaven nor in earth to be mediator between me and God, but only Jesus Christ, all other be but petitioners in receiving of grace, but none able to give influence of grace. And therefore will I bestow no part of my good for that intent that any man should say, or do, to help my soul, for therein I trust only to the promises of God: that believes and is baptized shall be saved, and he that believes not shall be damned.
As touching the burying of my body, it avails me not whatsoever be done thereto, for Saint Augustine says de cura agenda pro mortuis that the funeral pomps are rather the solace of them that live, then for the wealth and comfort of them that are dead, and therefore I remit only to the discretion of mine executors.
And touching the distribution of my temporal goods, my purpose is by the grace of God to bestow them, to be accepted as the fruits of faith so that I do not suppose that my merit is by good bestowing of them, but my merit is the faith of Jesus Christ only, by whom such works are good according to the words of our Lorde: I was hungry and You gave me to eat. andc. and it follows, that ye have done to the least of my brethren ye have done it to me. andc. And ever we should consider the true sentence, that a good work makes not a good man, but a good man makes a good work: for faith makes the man both good and righteous, for a righteous man lives by faith: and whatsoever springs not of faith is sin.
And all my temporal goods that I have not given or delivered or not given by writing of mine own hand bearing the date of this present writing, I do leave and give to Margaret my wife and to Richard my son whom I make my Executors. Witness this mine own hand, the x. day of October in the xxii. yere of the reign of King Henry the 8th.
This is the true copy of his will, for the which as you have heard before after he was almost three years dead, they took him up and burned him.
May 1533. In the month of May Pope Clement sent an Orator to the King at Greenwich certifying him that he had appointed a general counsel to be kept at Mantua the year following, and thereof had advertised all princes Christian, requiring the King likewise as he did all other princes Christian for the universal wealth of all Christendom and for quieting of opinions newly grown, to appear there personally: to the which it was answered that it was both jeopardous for the king and for his whole realm to have their prince absent for fear of invasions by outward enemies, but he said he would send thither a sufficient procuracy and convenient proctors, and desired to see the Orators commission.
When he with an evil-will had shewed his commission, there appeared neither place nor time of the Counsel. For the King knew well before his coming that the Marques of Mantua had made a full denial to the pope that he would have no such assembly to be kept in his city nor dominions for diverse great and urgent causes, and so the popes Orator departed with an uncertain answer to an uncertain demand but not unrewarded.
The King being advertised by the French King how that he and the Pope should meet at Nice in June following thought it convenient to send a solemn Ambassador to the French King both to accompany him to Nece and also to common with the Bishop of Rome concerning his unlawful stay in the King’s divorce: whereupon he appointed the duke of Norfolk, the Lorde Rocheforde (age 28) brother to the new Queen, Sir William Paulet (age 48) Comptroller of the King’s Household, Sir Anthony Browne and Sir Francis Bryan, Knights, to be his ambassadors which made great provision for that purpose and so with the number of one hundred and sixty horses came to Dover and so to Calais on Whitsun eve on which day the Queen made her entry through the City of London toward her Coronation) where they made their abode a certain space and passed through all France till they came to Lyons, where they remained a space as you shall here after.
This very season was daily skirmishing between the borderers of the Marches of England and Scotland, and yet no war proclaimed and many robberies, murders and manslaughters done on both parts, and although the commissioners of the realms of England and of Scotland lay at Newcastle upon Tyne entreating a truce and amity, yet during the communication the Scots ceased not to rob both by sea and land, and took divers little boats laden with corn and fish, whereof hearing the King of England, he decked and vittalled divers ships of war and sent them to the North seas to defend his subjects. The Scots hearing that the English navy was come on their cost, in all haste fled home to their harbour, but yet the Englishmen followed them and fetched many of their preys out of their havens maugre [?] of their heads.
May 1533. In the beginning of May the king caused open Proclamations to be made that all men that claimed to do any service, or execute any office at the solemn feast of the coronation, by the way of Tenor, grant or prescription should put their grant three weeks after Easter in the Star Chamber before Charles duke of Suffolk for that time High Steward of England and the Lord Chancellor and other commissioners.
The Duke of Norfolk claimed to be Earl Marshall and to exercise his office at that feast. The Earl of Arundel claimed to be High Butler and to exercise the same: the Earl of Oxford claimed to be Chamberlain: the Viscount Lisle claimed to be Panter: the Lord Burgaine to be Chief Larderer, and the Lord Bray claimed to be Almoner, and sir Henry Wyatt knight claimed to Ewrer: All these noble personages desired their offices with their fees. Beside these the Mayor of London claimed to serve the Queen with a cup of gold and a cup of assay of the same, and that twelve citizens should attend on the cupboard and the Mayor to have the cup and cup of assay for his labour, which petition was allowed. The Five Ports [Cinque Ports] claimed to bear a Canopy over the queens head the day of the Coronation with four gilt Belles and to have the same for a reward which also to them was allowed. Diverse other put in petty claims which were not allowed because they seemed only to be done at the kings coronation. All this season great purveyance was made of all manner of vitals, and lords, knightes and squires were sent for out of all countries which came to London at their day with a great number of people.
The receiving, conveying and coronation of Queen Anne wife to the high and mighty prince king Henry the eighth.
After that the Kings highness had addressed his gracious letters to the Mayor and commonalty of the city, signifyng to them that his pleasure was to solemnise and celebrate the coronation of his most dear and well beloved wife Queen Anne at Westminster the Whit Sunday next ensuing, willing them to make preparation as well to fetch her grace from Greenwich to the Tower by water as to see the city ordered and garnished with pageants in places accustomed, for the honour of her grace. When she should be conveyed from the Tower to Westminster, there was a common counsel called, and commandment was given to the Haberdashers (of which craft the Mayor sir Stephen Pecocke then was) that they should prepare a barge for the Batchelors with a wafter and a foyst garnished with banners and streamers likewise as they use to do when the Mayor is presented at Westminster on the morrow after Symon and Jude. Also all other crafts were commanded to prepare barges and to garnish them not alone with their banners accustomed, but also to deck them with targets by the sides of the barges, and so set up all such seemly banners and bannerettes as they had in their hall or could get mete to furnish their said barges, and every barge to have minstrels, according to which commandments great preparation was made for all things necessary for such a noble triumph.
19 May 1533. The coming by water from Greenwich the Thursday.
The ninetteeth day of May the Mayor and his brethren all in Scarlet, and such as were knights had collars of Esses and the remnant having good chains, and the counsel of the city with them assembled at saint Mary Hill, and at one of the clock descended to the New Stair to their barge, which was garnished with many goodly banners and streamers, and richly covered. In which barge were Shalmes, Shagbushes and diverse other instruments, which continually made goodly harmony. After that the Mayor and his brethren were in their barge seeing that all the companies to the number of fifty barges were ready to wait upon them. They gave commandment to the companies that no barge should row nearer to another then twice the length of the barge upon a great pain. And to see the order kept, there were three light wherys prepared, and in every one of them two officers to call on them to keep their order, after which commandment given they set forth in order as hereafter is described.
First before the Mayors barge was a Foyst or Wafter full of ordinance, in which Foyst was a great Dragon continually moving, and casting wildfire, and round about the said Foyst stood terrible monsters and wild men casting fire and making hideous noises: Next after the Foyst a good distance came the Mayors barge, on whose right hand was the Batchelors barge, in the which were trumpets and diverse other melodious instruments. The decks of the said barge and the sailyards and the top castles were hanged with rich cloth of gold and silk. At the foreship and the Stern were two great banners rich beaten with the arms of the king and the queen, and on the top castle also was a long streamer newly beaten with the said arms. The sides of the barge were set full of Flags and banners of the devises of the company of Haberdashers and merchant adventurers, and the cords were hanged with innumerable pensels having little bells at the ends which made a goodly noise and a goodly sight wavering in the wind. On the outside of the barge were three dozen Escutcheons in metal of arms of the king and the Queen which were beaten upon square bucram divided so that the right side had the King's colours, and the left side the Queen's, which Escutcheons were fastened on the clothes of gold and silver hanging on the decks on the left hand. On the left hand of the Mayor was another Foyst, in the which was a mount and on the same stood a white Falcon crowned upon a rote of gold environed with white roses and red, which was the Queens devise: about which mount sat virgins singing and playing sweetly. Next after the Mayor followed his fellowship the Haberdashers. Next after them the Mercers, then the Grocers, and so every company in his order, and last of all the Mayors and sheriff's officers, every company having melody in his barge by himself, and goodly garnished with banners and some garnished with silk and some with Arras and rich carpets, which was a goodly sight to behold, and in this order they rowed to Greenwich to the point next beyond Greenwich, and there they turned backward in another order, that is to wete, the Mayor and Sheriff's officers first, and the meanest craft next, and so ascending to the uttermost crafts in order and the Maior last as they go to Paul's at Christmas, and in that order they rowed downward to Greenwich town and there cast anchor making great melody. At three of the clock the Queen appeared in rich cloth of gold and entered into her barge accompanied with diverse ladies and gentlewomen, and incontinent the Citizens set forwards in their order, their minstrels continually playing, and the Batchelors barge going on the queen's right hand which she took great pleasure to behold. About the Queen's barge were many noble men, as the duke of Suffolk, the Marques Dorset, the Erie of Wiltshire, her father, the Earls of Arundel, Derby, Rutland, Worcester, Huntingdon, Sussex, Oxford, and many bishops and noblemen every one in his barge, which was a goodly sight to behold. She thus being accompanied rowed toward the Tower, and in the mean way the shippes which were commanded to lie on the shore for letting of the barges shot diverse peals of guns, and or she landed there was a marvellous shot out of the Tower as ever was heard there. And at her landing there met with her the Lord Chamberlain with the officers of arms and brought her to the King, which received her with loving countenance at the Posterne by the water side and kissed her, and then she turned back again and thanked the Mayor and the citizens with many goodly words, and so entered into the Tower. After which entry the citizens all this while housed before the Tower making great melody and went not aland, for none were assigned to land but the Mayor, the Recorder and two Aldermen. But for to speak of the people that stood on every shore to behold the sight, he that saw it not would not believe it.
20 May 1533. On Friday at dinner served the King all such as were appointed by his highness to be Knights of the Bath, which after dinner were brought to their chambers, and that night were bathed and shriven according to the old usage of England, and the next day in the morning the King dubbed them according to the ceremonies thereto belonging whose names ensueth.
The Marques Dorset.
The Earl of Darby.
The Lord Clifford.
The Lord Fitzwater.
The Lord Hastings.
The Lord Mounteagle.
Sir John Mordaunt.
The Lord Vaux.
Sir Henry Parker.
Sir William Windsor.
Sir Francis Weston.
Sir Thomas Arundel.
Sir John Hulstone.
Sir Thomas Poynings.
Sir Henry Saville.
Sir George Fitzwilliam.
Sir John Tindall.
Sir Thomas Jermey.
The Receiving and Conveying of the Queen through London.
To the intent that the horses should not slide on the Pavement, nor that the people should not be hurted by horses, the high streets where the Queen should passe were all gravelled from the Tower to Temple Bar and railed on the one side, within which rails stood the crafts along in their order from Gracechurch where the merchants of the Steelyard stood till the little conduit in Chepe where the Aldermen stood, and on the other side of the street stood the Constables of the city apparelled in velvet and silk with great staves in their hands to cause the people to keep room and good order. And when the streets were somewhat ordered, the Mayor clothed in a gown of crimson Velvet and a riche collar of Esses with two footmen clad in white and red damask rode to the Tower to give his attendance on the Queen, on whom the Sheriffs with their officers did wait till they came to Tower hill, where they taking their leave rode down the high streets commanding the Constables to see room and good order kept, and so went and stood by the Aldermen in Chepe. And before the Queen and her train should come, Cornhill and Gracious Street were hanged with fine Scarlet, Crimson and other grayned [ie dyed] clothes, and in some place with rich Arras, Tapestry and Carpets, and the most part of the Chepe was hanged with cloth of Tissue, Gold, Velvet and many rich hangings which made a goodly show, and all the windows were replenished with ladies and gentlewomen to behold the Queen and her train as they should pass by. The first of the Queen's company that set forward were twelve Frenchmen which were belonging to the French Ambassador clothed in coats of blue velvet with sleeves of yellow and blue velvet and their horses trapped with close trappers of blue sarcenet powdered with white crosses: after them marched gentlemen, squires, knightes two and two. After them the judges, and after them the Knights of the Bath in violet gowns with hoods purfeled with miniver like doctors, after them Abbots, then Barons, after them bishops, then Earles and Marquesses, then the Lorde Chancellor of England, after him the archbishop of York and the ambassador of Venice, after him the archbishop of Canterbury and the ambassador of France, after rode two squires of honour with robes of estate rolled and worn baudrike wise about their necks with caps of estate representing the Dukes of Normandy and Aquitaine, after them rode the Mayor of London with his Mace and Garter in his coat of arms, which Mayor bore his Mace to Westminster Hall, after them rode the Lord William Howard with the Marshal's Rod deputy to his brother the Duke of Norfolk Marshall of England which was ambassador then in France: and on his right hand rode Charles Duke of Suffolk for that day High Constable of England bearing the verder of silver appertaining to the office of Constableship, and all the Lords for the most part were clothed in crimson velvet, and all the Queen’s servants or officers of arms in scarlet. Next before the Queen rode her Chancellor bareheaded, the Sergeants and Officers of Armes rode on both the sides of the Lords. Then came the Queen in a litter of white cloth of gold not covered nor bayled which was led by two palfreys clad in white damask down to the ground head and all, led by her footmen. She had on a circot of white cloth of tissue and a mantle of the same furred with ermine, her hair hanged down, but on her head she had a coif with a circlet about it full of riche stones. Over her was borne a canopy of cloth of gold with four gilt staves and four silver belles. For bearing of which canopy were appointed sixteen knights, four to bear it one space on foot and other four another space according to their own appointment. Next after the Queen rode the Lord Borough her Chamberlain, next after him William Coffyn Master of the Horses leading a spare horse with a side saddle trapped down clothe of tissue : after him rode seven ladies in crimson velvet turned up with cloth of gold and of tissue and their horses trapped with cloth of gold, after them two chariots covered with red cloth of gold. In the first chariot was two ladies which were old Duchess of Norfolk (age 54) and the old Marchioness of Dorset (age 44). In the second chariot were four ladies all in crimson velvet. After them rode seven ladies in the same suite their horses trappers and all, after them came the third Chariot all white with six ladies in crimson velvet, next after them came the fourth chariot all red with eight ladies also in crimson velvet, after who followed thirty gentlewomen all in velvet and silk in the livery of their ladies on whom they gave their attendance. After them followed the guard in coats of Goldsmith’s work, in which order they rode forth till they came to Fenchurch, where was made a pageant all with children apparelled like merchants which welcomed her to the City with two proper prepositions both in French and English, and from thence she rode to Gracious church corner, where was a costly and a marvellous cunning pageant made by the merchants of the Steelyard, for there was the Mount Parnassus with the fountain of Helicon, which was of white Marble and four streams without pipe did rise an ell high and meet together in a little cup about the fountain, which fountain ran abundantly racked Rhenish wine until night. On the mountain sat Appollo and at his feet sat Calliope, and on every side of the mountain sat four Muses playing on several sweet instruments, and at their feet Epigrammes and Poeses were written in golden letters, in the which every Muse according to her property praised the Queen: so from thence she passed to Leaden Hall where was a goodly pageant with a type and a heavenly roof [?], and under the type was a rote of gold set on a little mountain environed with red roses and white, out of the type came down a Falcon all white and sate upon the rote, and incontinent came down an Angel with great melody and set a close-crown of gold on the Falcon’s head, and in the same pageant sat Saint Ann with all her issue beneath her, and under Mari Cleoph sat her four children, of the which children one made a goodly Oration to the Queen of the fruitfulness of Saint Anne and of her generation, trusting that like fruit should come of her. Then she passed to the conduit in Cornhill where were three graces set in a throne, afore who was the spring of grace continually running wine. Afore the fountain sat a Poet declaring the properties of every grace, and that done every lady by herself according to her property gave to the Queen a several gift of grace. That done she passed by the great conduit in Chepe which was newly painted with armes of devises: out of the which conduit by a goodly fountain set up the one end ran continually wine both white and claret all that afternoon, and so she rode to the Standard which was richly painted with images of Kings and Queens and hanged with banners of arms, and in the top was miraculous sweet harmony both of song and instrument. Then she went forward to the crosse which was newly gilt, until she came where the Aldermen stood, and then Master Baker the Recorder came to her with low reverence making a proper and brief proposition and gave to her in the name of the City a thousand marks in gold in a Purse of gold, which she thankfully accepted with many goodly words, and so rode to the little conduit where was a riche pageant full of melody and song, in which pageant was Pallas, Juno and Venus, and before them stood Mercury which in the name of the three goddesses gave to her a ball of gold divided in three, signifying three gifts the which three Goddesses gave to her, that is to say, wisdom, riches and felicity. As she entered into Paul’s gate there was a pretty pageant in which sat three ladies richly clothed, and in a circle on their head was written Regina Anna prospers procede et regna [May Queen Anne prosper and reign]. The Lady in the middle had a Tablet in the which was written Veni arnica coronaberis [Come, you will be crowned with gold], And under the tablet sat an Angel with a close crown, and the lady sitting on the right hand had a Tablet of silver in which was written Domine directe gressus meos [Lord direct my steps], and the third lady had a Tablet of gold with letters Asure written, confido in domine [I trust in the Lord], and under their feet was written, Anna Reginan ominum Regis de sanguine natum, cum paries populis aurea secla tuis [? Anna Queen of the names of the King born of blood, when you wall the peoples of your golden age]. And these ladies cast down wafers, on the which the two verses were written. From thence she passed to the East end of Paul’s Churchyard against the school, where stood on a scaffold two hundred children well apparelled, which said to her diverse goodly verses of poets translated into English, to the honour of the King and her, which she highly commended. And when she came to Ludgate, the gate was newly garnished with gold and byse. And on the leads of Saint Martin’s Church stood a goodly choir of singing men and children which sang new ballads made in praise of her. After that she was passed Ludgate she preceded toward Fleet Street where the Conduit was newly painted, and all the arms and angels refreshed, and the chime melodiously sounding. Upon the Conduit was made a town with four turrets, and in every turret stood one of the cardinal virtues with their tokens and properties, which had several speeches, promising the Queen never to leave her, but to be aiding and comforting her. And in the midst of the tower closely was such several solemn instruments, that it seemed to be an heavenly noise, and was much regarded and praised: and beside this the said Conduit ran wine Claret and Red all the afternoon. So she with all her company and the Mayor rode forth to Temple Bar, which was newly painted and repaired, where stood also divers singing men and children, until she came to Westminster Hall, which was richly hanged with clothe of Arras and new glazed. And in the midst of the hall she was taken out of her litter, and so led up to the high dais under the clothe of estate, on whose left hand was a cupboard of ten stages marvellous rich and beautiful to behold, and within a little season was brought to the Queen with a solemn service in great standing spice plates, a void of spice and subtleties with Hippocras and other wines, which she sent down to her ladies, and when the ladies, had drunk she gave hearty thanks to the Lordes and Ladies, and to the Mayor and other that had given their attendance on her, and so withdrew herself with a few ladies to the Whitehall and so to her chamber, and there shifted her, and after went into her barge secretly to the King to his Manor of Westminster where she rested that night.
01 Jun 1533. Sonday being Whit Sunday the first day of June and the day of her Coronation.
On Sunday the Mayor clad in crimson velvet and with his collar and all the Aldermen and Sheriffs in Scarlet and the counsel of the city took their barge at the Crane by seven of the clock and came to Westminster where they were welcomed and brought into the hall by Master Treasurer and other of the King’s house, and so gave their attendance till the Queen should come forth. Between eight and nine she came into the Hall and stood under the clothe of estate, and then came in the King’s Chapel and the monks of Westminster all in rich copes and many Bishops and Abbots in copes and mitres which went into the midst of the hall, and there stood a season. Then was there a ray clothe spread from the Queen’s standing in the hall through the palace and sanctuary, which was railed on both sides to the high Altar of Westminster. After that the ray clothe was cast, the Officers of Armes appointed the order accustomed. First went gentlemen, then esquires, then knights, then the Aldermen of the city in their cloaks of scarlet, after them the Judges in their mantles of scarlet and coifs. Then followed the Knights of the Bathe being no Lords, every man having a white lace on his left sleeve. Then followed Barons and Viscounts in their parliament robes of scarlet. After them came Earles, Marquesses and Dukes in their robes of estate of crimson velvet furred with ermine powdered according to their degrees. After them came the Lord Chancellor in a robe of scarlet open before bordered with lettice: after him came the King’s Chapel and the monks solemnly singing with procession, then came Abbots and Bishops mitred, then Sergeants and Officers of Armes, then after them went the Mayor of London with his mace and garter in his coat of arms. Then went the Marquess Dorset in a robe of estate which bare the sceptre of gold, and the Earl of Arundel which bare the rod of Ivory with the Dove both together. Then went alone the Earl of Oxford High Chamberlain of England which bare the crown, after him went the duke of Suffolk in his robe of estate also for that day being High Steward of England, having a long white rod in his hand, and the Lord William Howard with the Rod of the Marshalship, and every Knight of the Garter had on his collar of the order. Then preceded forth the Queen in a circot and robe of purple velvet furred with ermine in her hair coif and circlet as she had the Saturday, and over her was borne the canopy by four of the five [Cinque] Portes all crimson with points of blue and red hanging on their sleeves, and the Bishops of London and Winchester bare up the lappets of the Queen’s robe. The Queen’s train which was very long was borne by the old Duchess of Norfolk (age 56) after her followed ladies being Lord’s wives which had circots of scarlet with narrow sleeves, the breast all lettice with bars of borders according to their degrees. And over that they had mantels of scarlet furred, and every mantle had lettice about the neck like a neckerchief likewise powdered, so that by the powderings their degree was known. Then followed ladies being Knight’s wives in gowns of scarlet with narrow sleeves without trains only edged with lettice, and likewise had all the Queen’s gentlewomen. When she was thus brought to the high place made in the midst of the church between the choir and the high altar she was set in a riche chair. And after that she had rested a while she descended down to the High Altar and there prostrate herself while the Archbishop of Canterbury said certain collettes: then she rose and the bishop anointed her on the head and on the breast, and then she was led up again, where after diverse Orisons said, the Archbishop set the crown of Saint Edward on her head, and then delivered her the sceptre of gold in her right hand, and the rod of Ivory with the Dove in the left hand, and then all the choir sang Te Deum, §c. Which done the bishop took of the crown of Saint Edward being heavy and set on the crown made for her, and so went to Masse. And when the offertory was begun she descended down and offered being crowned, and so ascended up again and sate in her chair till Agnus. And then she went down and kneeled before the altar where she received of the Archbishop the holy sacrament and then went up to her place again. After that Masse was done she went to Saint Edwardes shrine and there offered, after which offering done she withdrew her into a little place made for the nuns on the one side of the choir. Now in the mean season every Duchess had put on their bonnets a corona of gold wrought with flowers, and every Marquesses put on a demy Coronal of gold, every Countess a plain circlet of gold wrought with flowers, and every King of Armes put on a crown of copper and gilt all which were worn till night. When the Queen had a little reposed her the company returned in the same order that they set forth, and the Queen went crowned and so did the Ladies aforesaid. Her right hand was sustained by the Earl of Wiltshire (age 56) her father, and her left hand by the Lord Talbot deputy for the Earl of Shrewsbury and Lord Furnival his father. And when she was out of the Sanctuary and appeared within the palace the trumpets played marvellous freshly, and so she was brought to Westminster Hall, and so to her withdrawing chamber, during which time the Lords, Judges, Mayor and Aldermen put of their robes, Mantels and Cloaks, and took their hoods from their necks and cast them about their shoulders, and the Lords sat only in their circots and the Judges and Aldermen in their gowns. And all the Lords that served that day served in their circots and their hoods about their shoulders. Also, diverse officers of the King’s house being no Lords had circots and hoods of scarlet edged with miniver, as the Treasurer, Controller and Master of the Jewel House, but their circots were not gilt.
01 Jun 1533. The order and sitting at diner.
While the Queen was in her chamber, every lord and other that ought to do service at coronation did prepare them according to their duty, as the duke of Suffolk High Steward of England which was richly apparelled, his doublet and jacket set with orient pearl, his gown of crimson velvet embroidered, his courser trapped with a cloth trapper head and all to the ground of crimson velvet set full of letters of gold of goldsmith’s work having a long white rod in his hand, on his left hand rode the Lord William, deputy for his brother as Earl Marshal with the Marshal’s rod, whose gown was crimson velvet, and his horse trapper purple velvet cut on white satin embroidered with white lions. The Earl of Oxford was High Chamberlain, the Earl of Essex carver, the Earl of Sussex sewer, the Earl of Arundel chief butler on who twelve citizens of London did give their attendance at the cupboard. The Earl of Derby Cupbearer, the Viscount Lisle Panter, the Lorde of Burgayne chief larder, the Lord Bray almoner for him and his coperteners, and the Mayor of Oxford kept the buttery bar, and Thomas Wyatt was chief eurer for sir Henry Wyatt his father. When all thing was ready, the Queen under her canopy came to the Hall and washed and sat down in the midst of the table under the cloth of estate. On the right side of the chair stood the Countess of Oxford widow, and on the left side stood the Countess of Worcester all the dinner season, which diverse times in the dinner time did hold a fine cloth before the Queen’s face when she list to spit or do otherwise at her pleasure. At the tables end sat the Archbishop of Canterbury on the right hand of the Queen, and in the midst between the Archbishop and the Countess of Oxford stood the Earl of Oxford with a white staff all diner time, and at the Queen’s feet under the table sat two gentlewomen all dinner time. When all these things were thus ordered came in the Duke of Suffolk and the Lord William Howard on horseback and the Sergeants of Arms before them, and after them the Sewer, and then the Knights of the Bath bringing in the first course which was twenty-eight dishes beside subtleties and ships made of wax marvellous gorgeous to behold, all which time of service the trumpets standing in the window at the nether end of the hall played melodiously. When her grace was served of two dishes, then the Archbishop service was set down, whose Sewer came equal with the third dish of the Queen’s service on his left hand. After that the Queen and the Archbishop was served, the Barons of the Portes began the table on the right hand next the wall, next them at the table sat the masters and clerks of the chancery, and beneath them at the table other doctors and gentlemen. The table next the wall on the left hand by the cupboard was begun by the Mayor and Aldermen the chamberlain and the counsel of the City of London, and beneath them sat substantial merchants, and so downward other worshipful persons. At the table on the right hand in the midst of the hall sat the Lord Chancellor and other temporal Lords on the right side of the table, in their circots. And on the left side of the same table, sat Bishops and Abbots in their Parliament robes, beneath them sat the Judges, Servantes, and the King’s Counsel, beneath the Knights of the Bathe. At the table on the left hand, in the middle part, sat Duchesses, Marquesses, Countesses, Baronesses, in their robes, and other ladies in circots, and gentle women in gowns. All which ladies and gentle women, sat on the left side of the table a long, and none on the right side: and when all were thus set, they were incontinent served and so quickly, that it was marvel, for the servitors gave such good attendance, that meat or drink ne anything else needed not to be called for, which in so great a multitude was marvel. As touching the fare there could be devised, no more costlier dishes nor subtleties. The Mayor of London was served with, twenty-three dishes at two courses, and so were all his brethren, and such as sat at his table. The Queen had at her second course, twenty-four dishes, and thirty at the third course: and between the two last courses, the Kings of Arms cried arges [?], in three parts of the hall and after stood in their place, which was in the bekins [?] the King’s Bench. And on the right hand, out of the Cloister of St Stephen’s, was made a little closet, in which the King with diverse Ambassadors, stood to behold the service. The Duke of Suffolk and the Lord William, rode oftentimes about the hall, cheering the lords, ladies, and the Mayor and his brethren. After they all had dined, they had wafers and Hippocras, and then they washed, and were commanded to rise, and to stand still in their places, before the table or on the forms until the Queen had washed: when she had taken wafers and Hippocras, the table was taken up, and the Earl of Rutland brought up the surnap, and laid it at the Lord’s end, which immediately was drawn, and cast by Master Rode, Marshal of the hall: and the Queen washed, and after the Archbishop, and after the surnap was drawn of, she arose and stood in the midst of the Hall place: to whom the Earl of Sussex in a goodly spice plate, brought a void of spice and comfits. After him the Mayor of London, brought a standing Cup of gold, set in a Cup of assay of gold, and after that she had drunk, she gave the Mayor the Cup, with the Cuppe of assay, because there was no leyar [?], according to the claim of the city, than King him and all his brethren, of their pain. Then she under her Canopy, departed to her Chamber, and at the entry of her Chamber, she gave the Canopy with bells and all, to the Barons of the Portes, according to their claim, with great thanks. Then the Mayor of London bearing his Cup in his hand, with his brethren went through the hall to their barge, and so did all other noble men and gentlemen, for it was six of the clock.
On Monday were the Jousts at the Tilt, before the King’s gate, where the Mayor and his brethren had a goodly standing: but there were very few spears broken, by the reason the horses would no cope.
On Wednesday, the King sent for the Mayor and his brethren to Westminster, and there he himself gave to them hearty thanks, with many goodly words.
On Midsomer day after, the lady Mary (age 35) the Frenche Queen died in Suffolk at the lordship of .... who was the late wife to Louis the 12th, and after married to Charles Duke of Suffolk (age 47), and was buried at ....
This season the King kept-his progress about London, because of the Queen.
07 Sep 1533. The seventh day of September being Sunday, between three and four of the clock at afternoon, the Queen was delivered of a fair Lady, which day the Duke of Norfolk came home to the christening, and for the Queues good deliverance, Te Deum was song in continently, and great preparation was made for the christening : and the Mayor and his brethren, and sixty of the chief of the citizens, were commanded to be at the Christening, the Wednesday following, upon which day the Mayor, Sir Stephen Peacock, in a gown of crimson velvet, with his collar of S. S. and all the Aldermen in scarlet, with collars and chains, and all the counsel of the city with them, took their barge after diner, at one of the clock, and the citizen had another barge, and so rowed to Greenwich, where were many lords, knights, and gentlemen assembled. All the walls between the King’s place and the Friars, were hanged with Arras, and all the way strewn with green rushes: the Friar’s Church was also hanged with Arras. The Font was of silver, and stood in the midst of the Church, three steps high, which was covered with a fine cloth, and diverse gentlemen with aperns [?], and towels about their necks, gave attendance about it, that no filth should come in the Font, over it hung a square canopy of crimson satin, fringed with gold, about it was a rail covered with red saye [?]: between the choir and: the body of the church, was a close place with a pan of fire, to make the child-ready in: when all these things were ordered, the child was brought to the hall, and then every man set forward: First the citizens two and two, then gentlemen, Esquires and chaplains, next after them the Aldermen, and the Mayor alone: next the Mayor, the King’s Counsel, the King’s Chapel in copes: then Barons, Bishops, Friars, then came the Earl of Essex, bearing the covered basins gilt, after him the Marquess of Exeter with the taper of virgin wax, next him the Marquess Dorset, bearing the salt, behind him the Lady Mary of Norfolk, bearing the chrisom which was very riche of pearl and stone, the old Duchess of Norfolk bare the child, in a mantel of purple velvet, with a long train furred with ermine. The Duke of Norfolk, with his Marshall rod, went on the right hand of the said Duchess, and the Duke of Suffolk on the left hand, and before them went the Officers of Arms: the Countess of Kent bare the long train of the childes mantel, and between the Countess of Kent and the child, went the Earl of Wiltshire on the right hand, and the Earl of Derby on the left hand, supporting the said train: in the midst over the said child was borne a canopy, by the Lord Rochford, the Lord Huse, the Lorde William Howard, and by the Lorde Thomas Howard the elder, after the child followed many ladies, and gentlewomen, when the child was come to the church door, the Bishop of London met it with diverse bishops and Abbots mitred, and began the observances of the Sacrament. The Godfather was the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury : the Godmothers were the old Duchess of Norfolk, and the old Marchioness of Dorset widows, and the child was named Elizabeth: and after that all thing was done, at the church door the child was brought to the Font, and christened, and this done, Garter Chief King of Armes cried a loud, God of his infinite goodness, send prosperous life and long, to the high and mighty Princess of England Elizabeth: and then the trumpets blew, then the child was brought up to the altar, and the Gospel said over it : and after that immediately the Archbishop of Canterbury confirmed it, the Marchioness of Exeter being Godmother, then the Archbishop of Canterbury, gave to the Princess a standing cup of gold : the Duchess of Norfolk, gave to her a standing cup of gold, fretted with pearl : the Marchioness of Dorset gave three gilt bowls, pounced [?] with a cover: and the Marchioness of Exeter, gave three standing bowls graven, all gilt with a cover. Then was brought in wafers, comfits, Hippocras in such plenty, that every man had as much, as he would desire. Then they set forwards, the trumpets going before in the same order, toward the King’s place, as they did when they came thether ward, saying that the gifts that the Godfather, and the Godmothers gave, were borne before the child by four persons, that is to say : First Sir John Dudley, bare the gift of the Lady of Exeter : the Lord Thomas Howard the younger, bare the gift of the lady of Dorset: the Lord Fitzwater, bare the gift of the Lady of Norfolk, and the Earl of Worcester, bare the gift of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and all the one, side as they went, was full of staff torches, to the number of five hundred, borne by the guard and other of the King’s servants, and about the child were borne, many other proper torches borne by gentlemen: and in this order they brought the princes, to the Queen’s chamber, and the Mayor and the Aldermen tarried there a while, and at the last the Duke’s of Norfolk and Suffolk came out from the King, thanking them heartily, and said the King commanded them to give them thanks in his name: and from thence they were had to the seller to drink, and so went to their Barges.
This yere also, one Pauier town clerk of the City of London, hanged himself, which surely was a man, that in nowise could abide to here that the Gospel should be in English, and I myself heard him once say to me and other that were by, swearing a great oath, that if he thought the King’s highness, would set forth the scripture in English, and let it be read of the people by his authority, rather then he would so long live he would cut his own throat, but he broke promises, for as you have heard he hanged himself : but of what mind and intent he so did, God judge. About this season was espied a new found Saint, and holy Hypocrite, called the Maid of Kent, which by the great labour, diligence, and pain taking of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Lord Cromwell, and one called Hugh Latimer a priest (which shortly after was made bishop of Worcester,) the juggling and crafty deceit of this maid, was manifested and brought to light: whereupon after diverse examinations, she with all her adherents, were in November brought to the Star Chamber : the names of them all shall follow, first Elizabeth Barton, which was she that called herself the Holy Maid of Kent, Richard Master priest person of Aldington in the County of Kent, Edward Bocking doctor in Divinity, Monk of Canterbury, Richarde Dering Monk also of Canterbury, Edward Twaites gentleman, Thomas Laurece register to the Archdeacon of Canterbury, Henry Gold person of Aldermary bachelor of Divinity, Hugh Riche Friar Observant, and Richard Risby, Thomas Gold gentleman. These all being in the Star Chamber, before diverse of the King’s Counsel, confessed their feigned hypocrisy, and dissimulated sanctity, and traitorous purposes and intents, and then was there by the King’s counsel adjudged, to stand at Paul’s Crosse, where they with their own hands, should severally deliver each of them to the preacher that should be appointed, a bill declaring their subtle, crafty and superstitious doings. Which thing the next Sunday after, they all above rehearsed, standing on a stage at Paul’s Cross, made for that purpose did accomplish: but for their treasons committed, the matter thereof was respited to the Parliament next following, where all they above said, with other as after ye shall hear, were attainted by Act of Parliament, and suffered death as traitors, by hanging, drawing, and quartering at Tyburn.
In September the King of Scots, sent his Commissioners to the town of Newcastle, where were for the King of England commissioners, Sir Thomas Clifford, and doctor Magnus, and Sir Raufe Elderkare. And first the Scots without any long communication, demanded great amends, saying, that the Englishmen had robbed and spoiled them to their loss, and that greatly, and said that the King of England of his honour, must needs make satisfaction, if he would be called honourable. Then it was answered, that notwithstanding the leagues, written, sealed and sworn, the Scottish nation would never keep peace in so much, while we be here in treating, your people are robbing : wherefore the King demanded of you, the goods and prisoners taken contrary to the peace, whereof we here deliver you a writing, which the Scottes received, and at their next meeting they said, that the ships to them were lawful prizes, by reason that the Earl of Angus, was maintained in England, which is rebel to our King, and the Earl and you have done to us much scathe, and we have taken a few ships, in recompense of some part of our great losses, which we may not deliver, and therefore we pray you demand them not: but here we deliver you our book, which amounts to a greater sum by tenne thousand marks. The English commissioners received the book, and in the same the Scot demanded, recompense for burning their towns, and destroying many of their strong Piles, above twenty-four which were destroyed from the twenty-fourth day of April), in the last twenty-fourth year of the King to the thirtieth day of April. The English commissioners answered, that if the Scots would send to the King of England, they doubted not, but they should have a good answer for the King of England bade him chose peace or war : so they agreed to send to both their King’s letters of their doings, which in haste was done. And after much suite of the Scots part, when they had much demanded, and little or nothing was granted, they then being weary of war desired peace, which was concluded, during both the King’s lives, and the twentieth day of May, in the next year of the King following, it was openly proclaimed, to the great comfort and rejoicing of all lovers of peace.
18 Dec 1533. The eighteenth day of December, the Duke of Suffolk was sent by the King and his counsel, to Bugden beside Huntingdon, where the lady Katherine Princes Dowager lay. For the King was advertised, and had good proofs of the same, that she of forward mind would consent, neither to the determination of the Universities, nor yet to the sentence of the whole convocation of the realm, but being counselled by a few Spaniards, which had little learning, did all that she could to infringe the determination of the said Universities and clergy. In so much that she wrote to the Pope and to other potentates, to grieve the King and his realm because he would not follow her mind, and break the commandment of God. Wherefore the King’s counsel motioned the King, that such as were about her, and moved her thereto, should be put from her, for they thought it no reason, that she should have such liberty to work that thing, by the which the King and his realm, might have detriment or damage. Wherefore the said Duke was sent to her, which shewed to her openly, Articles of her suites to the Pope, and how she sought meanes to grieve the King and his Realm, which hereafter she should not be suffered to do. For the same time was a Curse sent from the Pope, which accursed both the King, and the whole Realm, which Curse the bearer thereof, being not by like the hardiest man that ever showed himself in front of battle, thought it a great deal more better for him to bestow it without the King’s reach, than to adventure to come within his Dominions, and therefore set it up in the Town of Dunkirk in Flanders, where it was taken down by Wylliam Locke, Mercer of London. The Queen answered the Duke very highly and obstinately, with many high words, and suddenly in a fury she departed from him, into her privy Chamber and shut the door. He seeing that, broke all the order of the Queen’s Courte, and discharged a great sort of her household servants, and yet left there a convenient number, to serve her like a Princess. There was great lamentation among them that departed, but there was no remedy. Then they that remained to serve her, were sworn to serve her as a Princess Dowager, and not as Queen, some said they were sworn to her as Queen, and otherwise they would not serve, and so they departed. Other that were sworn to serve her as Princes, and remained there, she them utterly refused for her servants, wherefore she remained with the less number of servants.
25 Dec 1533. The King kept his Christmas at Greenwich, with great solemnity, and after Christmas began the Parliament. In which Parliament Elizabeth Barton, the holy Maide of Kent, with all her adherents, of whom you have heard before was attainted. And because her offences, were both against God and the King, so great and wicked, that the like was never heard nor known before, I will declare unto you the process of her matter, in such manner as the truth thereof, is declared in her attainder, by Act of Parliament, First the said Elizabeth Barton (being a Nun professed in the house and Priory of Saint Sepulchre’s of Canterbury,) which long before she was professed Nun, dwelled with one Thomas Cobbe, in the Parish of Aldington, in the County of Kent, and happened to be visited with sickness, and by occasion thereof, brought in such debility and weakness of her brain, because she could not eat nor drink, by a long space, that in the violence of her infirmity, she seemed to be in trances, and spoke and uttered many foolish and idle words. And one Richarde Master, Clerk, being person of the said Parish of Aldington, in the said County of Kent, after that he had made to the late Archbishop of Canterbury, a far and a larger report, concerning the Hypocrisy, trances and speeches of the said Elizabeth, then he could justify and abide by, and after that he was commanded by the said Archbishop, to give good attendance upon her, if she should fortune to have any more such trances and speeches, and to send him knowledge thereof, to the intent to maintain, uphold and verify, such report as he had made, as well to the Archbishop aforesaid, as to other, of the wonderful trances and speeches of the said Nun, he falsely and craftily informed the said Elizabeth, that the marvellous words which she spoke in her trances, afore his riding to the Archbishop aforesaid, preceded of the inspiration of the holy ghost, and that she was greatly to be blamed if she would hide or dissemble the wonderful works of God showed to her: for afore this his said information and instruction, she said constantly, that she could not remember, that she spoke any such notable words in her trances, as were reported unto her, by the said Richard Master. Which Elizabeth being in this manner of wise, often times persuaded, procured and informed, by the said Person of Aldington, took boldness and courage to forge, feign, and counterfeit such manner of trances, and crafty speeches, as the said Person of Aldington told her, that she used in her sickness, afore he went to the said Archbishop. And when the said Elizabeth had used this false, feigned counterfeiting for a season, and was perfect therein (so that the fame thereof, was greatly spread abroad, in those parts) then the said Person, to the intent aforesaid, and to the intent the people, should give more faith and credit unto her, and because he would have increased the devotion of the people, in coming on pilgrimage to a Chapel, set in Courte at Strete, within the said Parish, dedicate in the honour of our Lady, for his own lucre and advantage, imagined, devised, compassed and declared, with the aide, help, and counsel of one Edward Bocking Monk, professed in the Monastery in Christ’s Church in Canterbury, and Doctor in Divinity, that the said Elizabeth, being in the extasy and extremity of her sickness, in a manner distract in trances, should say amongst other wonderful words, that she should never take health of her body, till such time as she had visited the Image of our Lady, being in the said Chapell at Courte at Strete aforesaid : and that our Lady had appeared unto her, and shewed her, that if she came to the said Chapel, at the day appointed, she should be restored to her health by miracle, where in very deed, she was restored to her perfect health, by diet and physicke, and by the course of nature, which expelled the matter, being cause of her sickeness, in the meane time while the said person of Aldington, was with the Archbishop, as is afore rehearsed. And albeit the said Elizabeth, was restored to her health, yet she being accustomed and acquainted with the manner and fashion of her distract trances, by the counsel, conspiracy, and confederacy of the said Edward Bocking, and Richard Master, did falsely practise, use and show unto the people, diverse and marvellous sundry alterations, of her sensible parts of her body, craftily uttering in her said feigned and false trances, diverse and many virtuous and holy words, tending to the rebuke of sin, and in reproving of such new opinions, as then began to spring in this Realm, which she called heresies, as she was induced and taught, by the said Edward Bocking and Richard Master, using all the ways of false hypocrisy, to the intent the people should give belief and credence unto her, whereby they might be the sooner brought, into the detestable crimes of blasphemy and idolatry against Almighty God. And the said Edward Bocking, being maliciously fixed in his opinion, against the Kings highness, in his detested matrimony with Queen Katheryne, and intending in his mind, afterwards for his part, falsely and traitorously to use the said Elizabeth, as a diabolical instrument, to stir, move and provoke the people of this Realm, as well nobles as other, to murmur and grudge, against the Majesty of our Sovereign Lorde, and all his just and lawful proceedings, in the said divorce and separation, as after he did in very deed: for the accomplishing of his said false, malicious and traitorous intents, falsely devised and conspired, with the said Richard, that the said Elizabeth should show and manifest herself, to the people, to be an excellent virtuous and an holy woman, and that all her words and deeds, should appear to the world, to precede of a marvellous holiness, rebuking the common sins and vices of the world, as though she were taught and inspired of the holy spirit of God. And not only moved and counselled the said Elizabeth, thus to use herself, surmitting to her that she spoke such things, in the extasy of her sickness, that came by the inspiration of God, but also counselled and procured the said Elizabeth, to be brought and conveyed, to the said Chapel of our Lady, and therein openly in the presence of the people, (that there should be assembled by their procurements) should use and experiment such like trances, and alterations of her face, and other the outward sensible parts of her body, as she used in the extremity and extasy of her sickness. To whose counsels and advertisements, the said Elizabeth agreed. Whereupon at a day by them appointed and agreed, the said Edward and Richard, laboured, solicited, and procured, above the number of two thousand person, to repair to the said Chapel, surmitting that she said Elizabeth, which as they said, had marvellous and many Visions and Revelations of God, should be brought thither, and there receive her health, by Miracle of our Lady, whose image was in the said Chapel. By reason of which false, feigned and detestable conspiracy and hypocrisy, at the day by them appointed, there assembled to the said Chapell, above the number of two thousand people. At which day also, the said Edward Bocking, and Richarde Master procured, and caused the said Elizabeth, to repair to the said Chapell, where the said Elizabeth, albeit she at that time, and long afore was restored to health of her body, and discharged of her torments and afflictions, which she had in the extasy of her sickness: Yet nevertheless by the procurement and crafty counsel of the said Edward Bocking, and Richard Master, did falsely feign and show unto the people in the same Chapel, many alterations of her face, and other outward sensible parts of her body, and falsely feigned and showed herself in trances, uttering wonderous words, as she was before subtly and craftily induced and taught, by the said Richarde and Edward to do. And amongst other things she uttered, that it was the pleasure of God, that the said Edward Bocking, should be her ghostly father, and that she should be a Religious woman, as she was taught by the said Edward Bocking and Richard Master. And within a while after demonstration, of such false feigned and dissimulated trances, she appeared to the people, to be suddenly revealed from her sickness and afflictions, by the intercession and meanes of the Image of our Lady, being in the same Chapel. By meanes of which false feigned hypocrisy, dissimulated and cloaked Sanctity, so conspired and craftily imagined by the said Edward Bocking, and Richarde Master, the said Elizabeth was brought into a marvellous fame, credit and good opinion, of a great multitude of the people of this Realm. And to increase the fame of the said false feigned hypocrisy, the said Elizabeth afterwards, by the counsel and procurement, of the said Edward Bocking, entered into Religion, and became a Nun, professed in the said Priory of Saint Sepulchre’s, to whom the said Edward Bocking, had commonly his resort, not without probable, vehement and violent suspicion of incontinency, pretending to be her Ghostly father, by Gods appointment. And by conspiracy between her and him, caused her still to persist and abide, in the practising of her said false hypocrisy, and dissimulating trances and raptures. And that she should surmit to the people, that when she was in such simulated alteration, of her sensible parts of her body, that she was then rapt by Almighty God, from the affections of this world, and told by the holy spirit of God, many things that should follow to the world, for punishment of the sins of the princes and the people. And that she should also say that she was much provoked and tempted, as well to the sin of the flesh as otherwise, by her ghostly enemy the devil, at diverse and sundry times, and in diverse and sundry ways and fashions. And yet nevertheless that she by the grace of Almighty God was preserved, and steadfastly resisted such temptation. By occasion of which counsel and procurement of the said Edward Bocking, the said Elizabeth by continuance of time, took such a courage upon her, that she falsely feigned and said, that she had many revelations, of Almighty God and his holy saints, with heavenly lights, heavenly voices, heavenly melodies and joys, and especially in a chapel of St Giles, in the said Nunnery, to the which chapel, she often times resorted to receive visions and revelations, as commanded by God, as she falsely reported, and specially by night, saying, that the Dorter door was made open to her by God’s power, uttering the same, as well to the said Edward Bocking, as to diverse other persons. By the which her false feigned revelations, and cloaked hypocrisy, she was reputed amongst many people of this realm, to be a very holy woman, inspired with God, where in very deed, she never had vision or revelation from God, as she hath plainly and openly confessed herself. And therefore, her stealing further of the Dorture in the night, which was not once or twice weekly was not for spiritual business nor to receive revelations of God, but rather for bodily communication and pleasure with her friends, which could not have so good leisure and opportunity with her by day. And for ratification of her false feigned revelations, the said Edward by conspiracy, between him and the said Elizabeth, revealed the same to the most reverend father, William late Archbishop of Canterbury, who by false and untrue surmises, tales and lies of the said Edward and Elizabeth, was allured, brought and induced to credit them, and made no diligent searches, for the trial of their said falsehoods, and confederations, but suffered and admitted the same, to the blasphemy of Almighty God, and to the great deceit of the prince, and people of this realm. And for a perpetual memory of the said feigned and dissimulated hypocrisy, and false revelations of the said Elizabeth, the said Edward Bocking, Richard Master, and one John Dering, a Monk in the said Monastery of Christ’s Church aforesaid, made, writ, and caused to be written, sundry books both great and small, both printed and written, concerning the particularities of the said false and feigned hypocrisy, and revelations of the said Elizabeth, or the defence or great praise of the same: surmitting and putting forth the same false and feigned practises, and revelations of the said Elizabeth, to be just and true miracles, shewed by Almighty God, in the favour of the sanctity of the said Elizabeth, where indeed they been and were falsely devised, compassed, conspired, written and maintained by the said Elizabeth Barton, Edward Bocking, Richard Master, and John Dering, to the only intent to bring the said Elizabeth, in the fame and credit of the people of this realm, whereby the people should the more be apt and disposed, by her false cloaked hypocrisy and sanctity, to commit the crimes of blasphemy and idolatry against God, and also the sooner induced, by the false revelations of the said Elizabeth to murmur, and grudge, and be of evil opinion, against the Majesty of our sovereign lord, to the great peril and danger of his most royal person. And one Edward Thwaites gentleman, translated and wrote diverse quires, and sheets of paper, concerning the said false feigned revelations, of the said Elizabeth. Also, one Thomas Laurence of Canterbury, being register to the Archbishop of Canterbury, at the instance and desire of the said Edward Bocking, wrote a great book of the said false and feigned miracles, and revelations of the said Elizabeth in a fair hand, ready to be a copy to the printer, when the said boke should be put to stamp.
Amonges which false and feigned revelations surmised by the said Elizabeth, and put in writings in diverse books, by the false conspiracy means and procurement of the said Edward Bocking, Richard Master, John Dering, and other their accomplices, there is expressed that the devil should appear, to the said Elizabeth in diverse fashions, sometimes like a man wantonly apparelled, sometime like a bird deformed, and sometime otherwise. And that Mary Magdalene, should often appear to the said Elizabeth, and reveal to her many revelations. And at one time should deliver unto her, a letter written in heaven, part whereof was limmed [painted] with golden letters, where indeed the same letters were written with the hand of a Monk of Saint Augustine’s in Canterbury named Hawkhurst.
There was also written and contained, amongst the said false and feigned miracles and revelations, that when the King’s highness was at Calais in the interview, between his Majesty and the Frenche King, and hearing Masse in the Church of our Lady at Calais, that God was so displeased with the King’s highness, that his grace saw not at the Masse the blessed Sacrament in form of bread : for it was taken away from the priest (being at Masse) by an Angel, and ministered unto the said Elizabeth, then being there present and invisible, and suddenly conveyed and rapt thence again, by the power of God into the said Nunnery, where she is professed, with many other false feigned fables, and tales devised, conspired and defended by the said Elizabeth, Edward Bocking and John Dering, written as miracle in the said books for a memorial, to set forth the false and feigned hypocrisy, and cloaked sanctity of the said Elizabeth, to the people of this realm, as by the said sundry books and writings thereof made, seen and examined by the King’s most honourable counsel more plainly appears in which books be written such terms and sentences of reproach and slander, against the Kings Highness and the Queen, which were to shameful to be written against the most vile and ungracious persons living, which to here, would abhor every true subject of this realm.
And after the said Elizabeth by such her false and feigned hypocrisy, and dissimulated sanctity, was brought in a great brute and fame of the people, in sundry parties of this realm, then the said Edward Bocking by procurement and secret conspiracy, of diverse persons unknown, which maligned against the King’s proceedings, for the separation and divorce in the said detested and unlawful marriage, traitorously intending to put the King’s highness in a murmur, and evil opinion of his people, for the same, counselled and stirred the said Elizabeth, that she should ask a petition of Almighty God, to know whether God was displeased with the King’s highness, for proceeding in the said divorce, and separation of the marriage between his highness, and the said Lady Katherine, declaring to her many times, that he and diverse other learned men of this realm, and many of the common people of the same, were in firm opinions that the King’s proceeding in the said divorce, was against the laws of God. Whereupon the said Elizabeth subtly and craftily, concerning the opinion and mind of the said Edward, willing to please him, revealed and showed unto the said Edward, that she had knowledge by revelation from God, that God was highly displeased with our sovereign Lord, for the same matter. And in case he desisted not from his proceedings in the said divorce and separation, but pursued the same and married again, that then within one month after such marriage, he should no longer be King of this realm: and in the reputation of Almighty God, should not be a king one day, nor one hour: and that he should die a villains death: saying farther, that there was a root with three branches, and till they were plucked up, it should never be merry in England : interpreting the root to be the late Lord Cardinal, and the first branch to be the King our sovereign Lorde, the second the Duke of Norfolk, and the third the duke of Suffolk which false feigned revelations, by the mischievous and malicious counsel and conspiracy of the said Edward Bocking, with the said Elizabeth, were written and expressed, in the said books and volumes, containing the false and feigned revelations and miracles, of the said Elizabeth, for a perpetual memory thereof, to the utter reproach and peril of destruction of the King’s person, his honour, fame and name: and privately and secretly, set forth by the said Elizabeth, Edward Bocking, John Dering, and Richard Master, generally to diverse and many of the King’s subjects, and specially as to elite persons, to John Bishop of Rochester, and John Adeson clerk, chaplain to the said bishop, and to one Henry Gold priest, bachelor of Divinity, to Hugh Riche Frier Observant, and late Warden of the Friers Observants of Canterbury, which bear malice and malignity, to all the King’s proceedings, in the said divorce and separation, because it was contrary to their perverse and froward opinions, intending by colour of the said false and feigned hypocrisy, and revelations of the said Elizabeth, not only to let the said divorce and separation, but also to bring, and set forth secretly, in the heads of the people of this realm, as well nobles as other, that at the King’s acts and proceedings in the same, were against holy scriptures, and the pleasure of Almighty God : whereby the King’s Highness should be brought in a grudge, and evil opinion of his people. And the said John Bishop of Rochester, Henry Gold, Hugh Riche, Richard Risby, Richard Master, John Dering, at sundry and several times and places, spoke with the said Elizabeth, and took relation of her, of the said false and feigned revelations, which she feigned that she had of Almighty God, as well concerning the King’s Highness as other, after the form and terms above specified. And having knowledge thereof the said Hugh Riche, Richard Risby, and Henry Golde clerk, gave such firm and constant credit thereunto, that they traitorously concealed it for the King’s Highness, and traitorously believed in their hearts, that the King our sovereign Lorde, after the late marriage solemnized, between his Highness, and his most dear and entirely beloved wife Queen Anne, was no longer rightful King of this realm, in the reputation of Almighty God, whereby in their hearts and wills, they traitorously withdrew from his highness, their natural duties of obedience : and secretly taught and moved other persons, (to whom they revealed the said false and feigned revelations) that they ought and might lawfully do in the same wise : and practised the said matters, against the King’s Majesty, falsely, maliciously, and traitorously, at sundry places and times, with the fathers, and nuns of Syon, and diverse monks of the Charterhouse of London and Shene, and with diverse Friars Observants, the places of Richemond, Greenwich, and Canterbury, and to diverse other, both spiritual and temporal persons in great number, to the intent to sow a secret murmur and grudge, in the hearts of the King’s subjects, against the Majesty of our Sovereign Lord, and all his proceedings, in the said divorce and separation, intending thereby to make such a division and rebelling in this realm, amongst the King’s subjects, whereby the King’s highness, should not only have been put to peril of his life, but also in jeopardy to be deprived from his crown and dignity royal.
And for a more plain and particular declaration of the malicious and traitorous intents of the said Elizabeth, Edward Bocking, John Dering, Hugh Rich, Richard Risby, and Henry Gold, they concluded by a confederacy among themselves each with other, to set forth in sermons and preachings the said Revelations to the people of the realm against the King’s Majesty, whensoever it should please the said Elizabeth to appoint them the time when they should so do, and agreed each with other secretly, and set forth the said false and feigned revelations to their acquaintance and friends in this realm, intending to make a great multitude of people of this realm, by their secret conspiracies, in an aptness to receive and take such their sermons and preachings which they intended to make, as is aforesaid concerning the premisses, traitorously intending thereby to put our said Sovereign Lord, not only in peril of his life, but also in jeopardy of loss and deprivation of his crown and dignity royal of this realm, from him and his lawful succession for ever. And in accomplishing their false, traitorous, and malicious intents against our said Sovereign lord, they caused the said Elizabeth, at two times, secretly to declare the said false and feigned revelations to two of the Popes Orators and Ambassadors at the Cities of Canterbury and London. At which time the said Henry Gold took upon him to be interpreter thereof, between the said Elizabeth and the said Orators named Anthony Pulleon: and the interpreter to the other Orator named Sylvester, was the foresaid Lawrence of Canterbury, to the intent the King’s Highness, and all his proceedings in the said divorce and separation should be bought into an evil opinion with the Pope and other princes and Potentates. And the said Hugh Rich actually travelled to sundry places of this realm, and made secrete relation of the promises concerning the King’s Highness to divers Lordes both spiritual and temporal, and divers other persons lay and learned, secular and religious. And the said Henry Gold over this, actually travelled and made relation thereof to the said Lady Katherine Princess Dowager, to animate her to make commotion in this realm against our said Sovereign Lord, surmitting that the said Elizabeth should have by revelation of God, that the said lady Katheryne should prosper and do well, and that her issue the Lady Mary the King’s daughter should prosper and reign in this realm and have many friends to sustain and maintain her. And the said Elizabeth and Edward Bocking, John Dering and Richard Master likewise actually travelled to diverse places in this realm and made secrete relation of the said false feigned hypocrisy and revelations of the said Elizabeth and gave knowledge hereof to diverse other sundry persons of this realm.
All which conspiracies and confederacies of the said Elizabeth, and other her accomplices above mentioned, was traitorously and maliciously devised and practised by the said Elizabeth, Edward Bocking, John Dering, Richard Master, Henry Golde, Hugh Rich, and Rychard Risby to the intent traitorously to destroy our said sovereign lord, and to deprive him and his lawful succession from the crown and dignity royal of this realm, which matter hath been practised and imagined amongst them for the space of many years whereof the whole circumstance were very long to be written in this Act. And the said John Fisher Bishop of Rochester and one Thomas Gold gentleman, and the said Thomas Laurence, Edward Thwaytes, and John Adeson chaplain to the said John Bishop of Rochester, having knowledge of the false feigned and dissimulated revelations, traitorously conspired against our said Sovereign Lord (as is aforesaid) did nevertheless make concealment thereof, and uttered not the same to our said sovereign lord, nor any his honourable counsel, against their duties and allegiance in that behalf.
And furthermore, the said Thomas Gold, for the accomplishment of his most traitorous intent, hath of late been a messenger for the said Elizabeth, sithen she was in ward in the Tower of London for the said most false and traitorous offences by her and her said accomplices committed and done, he then being at liberty, by his message hath comforted diverse others to stand stiffly by her revelations, that they were of God: notwithstanding that she had confessed all her said falsehoods before diverse of the King’s counsellors, and that they were manifestly proved, found, and tried most false and untrue: which thing he did only to raise and put sedition and murmur in the people against the King’s Highness, his crown and dignity royal. And one Thomas Abel clerk being of the confederacy aforesaid, and taking such firm and constant credit to the said false and feigned revelations and miracles of the said Nun, not only caused to be printed and set forth in this realm diverse books against the said divorce and separation to the dislaunder [?] of our said sovereign lord, but also animated the said lady Katherine obstinately to persist in her wilful opinion against the same divorce and separation: and after the said divorce lawfully had, to usurp and take upon her still to be queen, and procured diverse writings to be made by her. by the name of Queen and also procured and abetted the servants of the said Lady Katherine against the King’s express commandment and proclamation, to name, call, accept, and repute the said Lady Katherine for Queen of this realm to the intent to make a common division and rebellion in this realm to the great peril and danger of our said Sovereign Lord.
Thus much have I recited veto you out of the act as it is there expressed word for word: now after follows the manner of her attainder and of the other as in the act; more at large does appear. But to conclude the twenty-first day of April next following she with other were drawn to Tyburn and there executed as most justly they had deserved as you may perceive by the premisses.
And at the place of execution, and the present time that she suffered she said these words, “ hither am I come to die, and I have not been the only cause of mine own death which most justly I have deserved, but also I am the cause of the death of all these persons which at this time here suffer and yet to say the truth, I am not so much to be blamed considering it was well known unto these learned men that I was a poor wench without learning and therefore they might have easily perceived that the things that were done by me could not proceed in no such sort, but their capacities and learning could right well judge from whence they preceded, and that they were altogether feigned but because the things which I feigned was profitable unto them, therefore they much praised me and bear me in hand that it was the holy ghost and not I that did them, and then I being puffed up with their praises fell into a certain pride and foolish fantasy with myself and thought I might feign what I would, which thing has brought me to this case, and for the which now I cry God and the King’s Highness most heartily mercy, and desire all you good people to pray to God to have mercy on me and on all them that here suffer with me."
In this parliament also was made the Act of Succession for the surety of the crown, to the which every person being of lawful age should be sworn upon the pain expressed in that Act, as in the same you may most evidently see.
Monday the twenty-third day of Marche in the Parliament time, were solemnly received into London as Ambassadors from James the V King of Scots (age 19), the bishop of Aberdeen, the Abbot of Kinloss and Adam Otterburne the King’s Attorney, with diverse gentlemen on them attendant which were brought to the Tayler’s Hall and there lodged. And on the day of the Annunciation of our Lady they were brought to the King’s place at Westminster, where they shewed their commission and message, for the which the King appointed them days to counsel. And shortly after commissioners were appointed as you shall hear. During the Parliament time, every Sunday preached at Paul’s Crosse a Bishop, which declared the Pope not to be the head of the Church.
The thirtieth day of Marche the Parliament was prorogued, and there every Lord and burgess and all other, were sworn to the act of succession, and subscribed their hands to a Parchment fixed to the same oath. This Parliament was prorogued till the third day of November next. After this, commissions were sent over all England to take the oath of all men and women to the act of succession, at which few repined, except Doctor John Fisher, Sir Thomas Moore knight late Lord Chancellor, and Doctor Nicholas Wilson Parson of Saint Thomas Apostles in London wherefore these three persons, after long exhortation to them made by the Bishop of Canterbury at Lambeth, and express denial of them to be sworn, they were sent to the Tower where they remained and were often times motioned to be sworn but the Bishop and Sir Thomas More said that they had in their writings written the Princess Dowager Queen, and therefore they might not go against that, and the Doctor said that he in preaching called her Queen, which he would not withsay [withdraw], howbeit at length he was very well contented, and dissembled the matter and so escaped: But the other twain [two] stood against all the realm in their opinion.
In this year it chanced that two merchant strangers fell in love with a harlot which was called Wolfe’s wife, and this harlot had often haunted the stranger’s chambers. And so one time the same harlot appointed these strangers to come to Westminster, and she had prepared for them a boat, in the which boat was but one marine to row which was a strong these, and in the end of the boat lay Wolfe her husband covered with a leather that boatmen use to cover their cushions with, and so these strangers sat them down mistrusting nothing, and when this boatman had brought them as far as a place that is called the Turning Tree, suddenly stepped up the said Wolfe and with his dagger thrust the one of them through, the other cried out to save his life and offered a great sum of money to the boatman and him to save his life, but no proferres [?] would be heard, nor mercy would they extend, but as cruel murderers without pity slew the other also and bound them face to face and so threw them into the Thames in the aforesaid place, where they were long after before they were found. But immediately the harlot Wolfe’s wife went to the stranger’s chambers and took from thence so much as she could come by. And at the last she and her husband as they deserved, were apprehended, arraigned and hanged at the aforesaid Turning Tree, where she hanged still and was not cut down, until such time as it was known that beastly and filthy wretches had most shamefully abused her being dead.
09 Jul 1534. The ninth day of July was the Lord Dacres of the North arraigned at Westminster of high treason, where the Duke of Norfolk sat as judge and High Steward of England. The said Lorde Dacres being brought to the barre with the axe of the Tower before him, after his inditement read, not only improved the said inditement as false and maliciously devised against him and answered every part and matter therein contained, but also so manly, wittily, and directly confuted his accusers which there were ready to vouch their accusations, that to their great shame, and to his great honour, he was found that day by his peers not guilty, which undoubtedly the commons exceedingly joyed and rejoiced of, in so much as there was in the hall at those words, not guilty, the greatest shout and cry of joy that the like no man living may remember that ever he heard.
14 Jul 1543. The fourteenth day of July one John Frith being very well learned and had an excellent goodly wit, was brought out of the Tower where he had been long, and was there imprisoned for making of a book against Purgatory, but in the meanwhile that he was there, he was required by one, who heartily loved him and had a very good opinion in him, to declare to him his faith and opinion in the Sacrament of the body and blood of Christ, and that he would put the same in writing, which thing he did. But after it chanced that the same person which had this writing of John Frith was acquainted with a tailor in London called , William Holt, which outwardly professed much honesty, but inwardly was a very spy and a very betrayer of as many men he might bring in danger. This Holt required after he had seen it, to have this writing, and he had it, and forthwith he presented it to Sir Thomas More then Lord Chancellor, and he immediately made answer to the same in writing, which also by the means of the said Holt, came to the hands of John Frith. John Frith then perceiving that the thing that he was so loth to write or meddle in (for it was a matter that none could get him to tale of, saying such that he as much trusted as himself) was now so far spread abroad that it was answered unto, after he had not a little rebuked the negligence and folly of his friend whom he trusted, stood to the defence of his first treatise, and made a farther declaration of his mind upon the same matter as appears in a book which bears his name. For the which opinion with other he was after divers and sundry examinations (as well at Lambeth with the Bishop of Canterbury as also at Croydon, and likewise with the bishop of Winchester) brought unto the Consistory in Paul’s Church in London before divers Bishops, where after much disputing, for that he would not yield nor submit himself to them, they condemned him and delivered him to the secular power to be burned an heretic.
At the same time was one Andrew Hewet a very simple and utterly unlearned young man a tailor, which was also betrayed by the aforesaid Holt. This young man being in like manner accused in the Consistory before the said Bishops for holding opinion against the Sacrament. One of the Bishops asked him how he believed in the Sacrament: he answered, he believed therein as Master Frith did. Why said they, do thou not believe that it is the very body of Christ really flesh and blood even as he was borne of the Virgin Mary. No said he, why so said the Bishop: because said he, that Christ bid me that I should not believe them that say here is Christ and there is Christ, for false Christs and false prophets shall arise to deceive you says Christ. Then certain of the bishops smiled, and Doctor Stokesley then Bishop of London said. Frith is an heretic and is condemned and delivered to the temporal power to be burned. If you won’t submit thyself and acknowledge thy error, thou shall likewise be condemned and delivered. I am content said he. Wilt thou not abjure thy heresy said the bishop. No said he, for I will do as Master Frith doth. Then we will condemn thee said the bishop: do so said he. And so they pronounced sentence on him, and delivered him to the Sheriffs: and from thence they were sent to Newgate where they remained till the twenty-second day of July, and that day were both burned at one stake in Smithfield. Where at the same time one Doctor Cooke which was person of Honey Lane, and one that was the Master of the Temple, willed the people to pray no more for them then they would pray for dogs, at which uncharitable words Frith smiled and prayed God to forgive them, and the people sore grudged at them for so saying.
28 Aug 1534. The twenty-eighth day of August was a great fire at Temple Bar and diverse houses burned. And the sixteenth day of the same month was burned the King’s stable at Charing Cross otherwise called the Mowse, wherein was burned many great horses and great store of hay.
03 Nov 1533. In this year the third day of November the King’s Highness held his high court of Parliament, in the which was concluded and made many and sundry good, wholesome, and godly statutes: but among all one special statute, which authorised the King’s highness to be Supreme Head of the Church of England, by the which the Pope with all his College of Cardinals abolished, with all their pardons and indulgences was utterly abolished out of this realm, God be everlastingly praised therefore. In this Parliament also was given to the King’s highness the first fruits and tenths of all dignities and spiritual promotions. And in the end of the same Parliament the King’s Majesty most graciously grannted (and willed it by the same Parliament to be established) his most gracious and general free pardon.
This yere also came in the great Admiral of France: which Admiral was honourably received, and at his departing was liberally rewarded.
In this time died the Earl of Kildare prisoner in the Tower. And even at the same time Thomas Fitzgerald his son began to rebel against the King and took all the King’s Ordinance, and sent Ambassadors to the Emperor to have intreated him to take part with him. Also, he slew the Bishop of Deuelyn and burned and robbed all such as would not obey him. But at the last he was apprehended and had as he deserved as after shall appear.