The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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Paternal Family Tree: Oldenburg
Maternal Family Tree: Caroline Hohenzollern Queen Consort England 1683-1737
On 11th December 1743 [her father] Frederick V King of Denmark and Norway (age 20) and [her mother] Louise Hanover Queen Consort Denmark and Norway (age 18) were married. She by marriage Queen Consort Denmark and Norway. She the daughter of [her grandfather] King George II of Great Britain and Ireland (age 60) and [her grandmother] Caroline Hohenzollern Queen Consort England. He the son of [her grandfather] Christian VI King of Denmark and Norway (age 44). They were third cousin once removed.
On 3rd July 1746 Queen Sophia of Sweden was born to [her father] Frederick V King of Denmark and Norway (age 23) and [her mother] Louise Hanover Queen Consort Denmark and Norway (age 21). She a granddaughter of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland.
On 6th August 1746 [her grandfather] Christian VI King of Denmark and Norway (age 46) died. His son [her father] Frederick (age 23) succeeded V King of Denmark and Norway.
On 19th December 1751 [her mother] Louise Hanover Queen Consort Denmark and Norway (age 27) died.
On 8th July 1752 [her father] Frederick V King of Denmark and Norway (age 29) and [her step-mother] Juliana Maria Welf Queen Consort Denmark and Norway (age 22) were married. She by marriage Queen Consort Denmark and Norway. He the son of [her grandfather] Christian VI King of Denmark and Norway.
On 1st September 1764 [her brother-in-law] William Elector of Hesse (age 21) and [her sister] Electress Wilhelmina Caroline Oldenburg (age 17) were married at Christiansborg Castle. She the daughter of [her father] Frederick V King of Denmark and Norway (age 41) and [her mother] Louise Hanover Queen Consort Denmark and Norway. He the son of Frederick Hesse-Kassel (age 44) and [her aunt] Mary Hanover (age 41). They were first cousins. He a grandson of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland. She a granddaughter of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland.
On 14th January 1766 [her father] Frederick V King of Denmark and Norway (age 42) died. His son [her brother] Christian (age 16) succeeded VII King of Denmark and Norway.
On 1st October 1766 Gustav III King Sweden (age 20) and Queen Sophia of Sweden (age 20) were married. She the daughter of Frederick V King of Denmark and Norway and Louise Hanover Queen Consort Denmark and Norway. He the son of Adolph Frederick King Sweden (age 56) and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia Queen Consort of Sweden (age 46). They were second cousins. He a great x 4 grandson of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland. She a granddaughter of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland.
On 8th November 1766 [her brother] Christian VII King of Denmark and Norway (age 17) and [her sister-in-law] Caroline Matilda Hanover Queen Consort Denmark and Norway (age 15) were married at Christiansborg Castle. She by marriage Queen Consort Denmark and Norway. She the daughter of [her uncle] Frederick Louis Hanover Prince of Wales and Augusta Saxe Coburg Altenburg (age 46). He the son of [her father] Frederick V King of Denmark and Norway and [her mother] Louise Hanover Queen Consort Denmark and Norway. They were first cousins. He a grandson of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland. She a granddaughter of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland.
On 12th May 1771 [her father-in-law] Adolph Frederick King Sweden (age 60) died in Stockholm apparently after having consumed a large meal, consisting of lobster, caviar, sauerkraut, kippers and champagne, topped off with 14 servings of his favourite dessert: hetvägg, made of semla pastries served in bowls of hot milk.
[her husband] Gustav III King Sweden (age 25) succeeded King Sweden. Queen Sophia of Sweden (age 24) by marriage Queen Sweden.
On 29th May 1772 [her husband] Gustav III King Sweden (age 26) and Queen Sophia of Sweden (age 25) were crowned King and Queen of Sweden.
Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.
In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.
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On 1st November 1778 [her son] King Gustav IV of Sweden was born to [her husband] Gustav III King Sweden (age 32) and Queen Sophia of Sweden (age 32). He a great grandson of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland. Coefficient of inbreeding 2.73%. He married (1) 1797 his fifth cousin once removed Queen Fredrika Dorotea Vilhelmina.
On 25th August 1782 [her son] Prince Carl Gustav Duke of Småland was born to [her husband] Gustav III King Sweden (age 36) and Queen Sophia of Sweden (age 36). He a great grandson of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland. Coefficient of inbreeding 2.73%. He died aged less than one years old.
On 23rd March 1783 [her son] Prince Carl Gustav Duke of Småland died.
On 31st October 1785 Frederick Hesse-Kassel (age 65) died. His son [her brother-in-law] William (age 42) succeeded IX Landgrave Hesse Kassel. [her sister] Electress Wilhelmina Caroline Oldenburg (age 38) by marriage Landgravine Hesse Kassel.
In 1797 [her son] King Gustav IV of Sweden (age 18) and [her daughter-in-law] Queen Fredrika Dorotea Vilhelmina (age 15) were married. She by marriage Queen Sweden. He the son of [her husband] Gustav III King Sweden (age 50) and Queen Sophia of Sweden (age 50). They were fifth cousin once removed. He a great grandson of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland.
In 1803 [her brother-in-law] William Elector of Hesse (age 59) was appointed Elector Hesse. [her sister] Electress Wilhelmina Caroline Oldenburg (age 55) by marriage Electress Hesse.
On 13th March 1808 [her brother] Christian VII King of Denmark and Norway (age 59) died. His son [her nephew] Frederick (age 40) succeeded VI King of Denmark and Norway. Marie Sophie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway (age 40) by marriage Queen Consort Denmark and Norway.
In 1811 [her son] King Gustav IV of Sweden (age 32) and [her daughter-in-law] Queen Fredrika Dorotea Vilhelmina (age 29) were divorced.
William of Worcester's Chronicle of England
William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.
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On 21st August 1813 Queen Sophia of Sweden (age 67) died.
Kings Wessex: Great x 21 Grand Daughter of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England
Kings Gwynedd: Great x 18 Grand Daughter of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd
Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 24 Grand Daughter of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth
Kings Powys: Great x 19 Grand Daughter of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys
Kings Godwinson: Great x 21 Grand Daughter of King Harold II of England
Kings England: Grand Daughter of King George II of Great Britain and Ireland
Kings Scotland: Great x 20 Grand Daughter of King Duncan I of Scotland
Kings Franks: Great x 17 Grand Daughter of Louis VII King of the Franks
Kings France: Great x 11 Grand Daughter of Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France
Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 25 Grand Daughter of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine
Great x 4 Grandfather: Christian IV King of Denmark 
12 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 3 Grandfather: Frederick III King of Denmark 13 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 2 Grandfather: Christian V King of Denmark and Norway 14 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 4 Grandfather: George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg 
Great x 3 Grandmother: Sophie Amalie Hanover Queen Consort Denmark 13 x Great Grand Daughter of
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg 12 x Great Grand Daughter of
Great x 1 Grandfather: Frederick IV King of Denmark and Norway 11 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 4 Grandfather: Landgrave William V of Hesse-Kassel 12 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 3 Grandfather: Wilhelm "The Just" VI Hesse-Kassel 13 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 2 Grandmother: Charlotte Amalie Hesse-Kassel Queen Consort Denmark and Norway 10 x Great Grand Daughter of
Great x 4 Grandfather: George William Hohenzollern 8 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 3 Grandmother: Hedwig Sophia Hohenzollern 9 x Great Grand Daughter of
Great x 4 Grandmother: Elisabeth Charlotte Palatinate Simmern 
10 x Great Grand Daughter of
GrandFather: Christian VI King of Denmark and Norway 11 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 4 Grandfather: Duke John VII of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 11 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 3 Grandfather: Duke John Albert II of Mecklenburg 12 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 4 Grandmother: Sophia Oldenburg 11 x Great Grand Daughter of
Great x 2 Grandfather: Duke Gustav Adolph of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 13 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 1 Grandmother: Louise of Mecklenburg Güstrow Queen Consort Denmark and Norway 10 x Great Grand Daughter of
Great x 3 Grandfather: Frederick III Duke of Holstein Gottorp
Great x 2 Grandmother: Magdalena Sibylla of Holstein Gottorp 9 x Great Grand Daughter of
Great x 4 Grandfather: John George Elector Saxony 12 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 3 Grandmother: Marie Elisabeth of Saxony Duchess Holstein Gottorp 8 x Great Grand Daughter of
Great x 4 Grandmother: Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia 7 x Great Grand Daughter of
Father: Frederick V King of Denmark and Norway 12 x Great Grand Son of
Queen Sophia of Sweden Grand Daughter of
Great x 3 Grandfather: George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg
Great x 2 Grandfather: Ernest Augustus Hanover Elector Brunswick-Lüneburg 13 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 4 Grandfather: Landgrave Louis V of Hesse-Darmstadt 11 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 3 Grandmother: Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg 12 x Great Grand Daughter of
Great x 1 Grandfather: King George I Great Grand Son of
Great x 4 Grandfather: Frederick IV Elector Palatine 
11 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 3 Grandfather: Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine 10 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 4 Grandmother: Electress Louise Juliana of the Palatine Rhine 9 x Great Grand Daughter of
Great x 2 Grandmother: Electress Sophia Palatinate Simmern Grand Daughter of
Great x 4 Grandfather: King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland 2 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 3 Grandmother: Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia 
Daughter of
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland 12 x Great Grand Daughter of
GrandFather: King George II of Great Britain and Ireland 2 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 3 Grandfather: George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg
Great x 2 Grandfather: George Wilhelm Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg 13 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 4 Grandfather: Landgrave Louis V of Hesse-Darmstadt 11 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 3 Grandmother: Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg 12 x Great Grand Daughter of
Great x 1 Grandmother: Sophia Dorothea of Celle 14 x Great Grand Daughter of
Great x 2 Grandmother: Eleonore Esmier D'Olbreuse Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg
Mother: Louise Hanover Queen Consort Denmark and Norway Daughter of
Great x 4 Grandfather: John George Hohenzollern Margrave of Brandenburg 11 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 3 Grandfather: Joachim Ernst Hohenzollern 12 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 4 Grandmother: Elisabeth of Anhalt-Zerbst
Great x 2 Grandfather: Albert Hohenzollern 13 x Great Grand Son of
Great x 1 Grandfather: John Frederick Hohenzollern 14 x Great Grand Son of
GrandMother: Caroline Hohenzollern Queen Consort England 15 x Great Grand Daughter of