The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Biography of Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss 1659-1705

Maternal Family Tree: Catherine Balsac Duchess Lennox

In July 1625 [her father] David Wemyss 2nd Earl of Wemyss [aged 14] and Anna Balfour were married. He the son of [her grandfather] John Wemyss 1st Earl of Wemyss [aged 39] and [her grandmother] Jane Gray Countess Wemyss.

On 13th June 1637 Alexander Leslie [aged 26] and [her mother] Margaret Leslie Countess Buccleuch and Wemyss [aged 17] were married. She the daughter of [her grandfather] John Leslie 6th Earl Rothes [aged 37] and [her grandmother] Anne Erskine Countess of Rothes [aged 40]. He the son of Alexander Leslie 1st Earl Leven [aged 57].

On 25th July 1646 Francis Scott 2nd Earl Buccleuch [aged 19] and [her mother] Margaret Leslie Countess Buccleuch and Wemyss [aged 26] were married. She by marriage Countess Buccleuch. She the daughter of [her grandfather] John Leslie 6th Earl Rothes and [her grandmother] Anne Erskine Countess of Rothes. He the son of Walter Scott 1st Earl Buccleuch and Mary Hay Countess Buccleuch. They were half third cousins.

In April 1650 [her father] David Wemyss 2nd Earl of Wemyss [aged 39] and Helenor Fleming were married. She the daughter of John Fleming 2nd Earl Wigtown and Margaret Livingston Countess Wigtown. He the son of [her grandfather] John Wemyss 1st Earl of Wemyss and [her grandmother] Jane Gray Countess Wemyss. They were half fourth cousins. He a great x 4 grandson of King Henry VII of England and Ireland.

On 13th January 1653 [her father] David Wemyss 2nd Earl of Wemyss [aged 42] and [her mother] Margaret Leslie Countess Buccleuch and Wemyss [aged 32] were married. She the daughter of [her grandfather] John Leslie 6th Earl Rothes and [her grandmother] Anne Erskine Countess of Rothes. He the son of John Wemyss 1st Earl of Wemyss and Jane Gray Countess Wemyss. They were fourth cousin once removed. He a great x 4 grandson of King Henry VII of England and Ireland.

On 1st January 1659 Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss was born to David Wemyss 2nd Earl of Wemyss [aged 48] and Margaret Leslie Countess Buccleuch and Wemyss [aged 38].

On 11th March 1661 [her half-sister] Mary Scott 3rd Countess Buccleuch [aged 13] died. Her sister Anne [aged 10] succeeded 4th Countess Buccleuch.

On 4th April 1661 Alexander Leslie 1st Earl Leven [aged 81] died. His grandson [her half-brother] Alexander [aged 23] succeeded 2nd Earl Leven. [her sister-in-law] Margaret Howard Countess Leven [aged 26] by marriage Countess Leven.

On 20th April 1663 [her brother-in-law] James Scott 1st Duke Monmouth 1st Duke Buccleuch [aged 14] and [her half-sister] Anne Scott Duchess Monmouth and Buccleuch [aged 12] were married. She by marriage Duchess Monmouth. She the daughter of Francis Scott 2nd Earl Buccleuch and [her mother] Margaret Leslie Countess Buccleuch and Wemyss [aged 42]. He the illegitmate son of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 32] and Lucy Walter. They were fifth cousins.

Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.

In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.

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On 15th July 1664 [her half-brother] Alexander Leslie 2nd Earl Leven [aged 27] died.

On 28th March 1672 James Wemyss 1st Lord Burntisland [aged 15] and Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss [aged 13] were married. She the daughter of David Wemyss 2nd Earl of Wemyss [aged 61] and Margaret Leslie Countess Buccleuch and Wemyss [aged 51].

In April 1672 [her husband] James Wemyss 1st Lord Burntisland [aged 15] was created 1st Lord Burntisland. Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss [aged 13] by marriage Lord Burntisland.

In 1678 [her son] David Wemyss 4th Earl of Wemyss was born to [her husband] James Wemyss 1st Lord Burntisland [aged 21] and Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss [aged 18]. He married (1) 13th August 1697 his third cousin once removed Anne Douglas, daughter of William Douglas 1st Duke Queensberry and Isabel Douglas Countess Queensberry, and had issue (2) 5th January 1709 Mary Robinson (3) July 1716 Elizabeth St Clair and had issue.

In July 1679 [her father] David Wemyss 2nd Earl of Wemyss [aged 68] died at Wemyss Castle. His daughter Margaret [aged 20] succeeded 3rd Countess Wemyss. [her husband] James Wemyss 1st Lord Burntisland [aged 22] by marriage Earl Wemyss.

After 28th February 1681 [her brother-in-law] Charles Cornwallis 3rd Baron Cornwallis [aged 25] and [her half-sister] Anne Scott Duchess Monmouth and Buccleuch [aged 30] were married. She the daughter of Francis Scott 2nd Earl Buccleuch and [her mother] Margaret Leslie Countess Buccleuch and Wemyss [aged 60].

In December 1682 [her husband] James Wemyss 1st Lord Burntisland [aged 25] died.

After December 1682 George Mackenzie 1st Earl Cromartie [aged 52] and Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss [aged 23] were married. The difference in their ages was 29 years. She the daughter of David Wemyss 2nd Earl of Wemyss and Margaret Leslie Countess Buccleuch and Wemyss [aged 62].

In 1685 [her step-son] John Mackenzie 2nd Earl Cromartie [aged 29] and Elizabeth Gordon Countess Cromartie were married. She the daughter of Charles Gordon 1st Earl Aboyne. He the son of [her husband] George Mackenzie 1st Earl Cromartie [aged 55] and Anna Sinclair.

In February 1688 [her mother] Margaret Leslie Countess Buccleuch and Wemyss [aged 67] died.

Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes

Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.

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On 13th August 1697 David Wemyss 4th Earl of Wemyss [aged 19] and Anne Douglas were married. She the daughter of William Douglas 1st Duke Queensberry and Isabel Douglas Countess Queensberry. He the son of James Wemyss 1st Lord Burntisland and Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss [aged 38]. They were third cousin once removed.

In 1702 [her daughter] Anne Wemyss died.

On 1st January 1703 [her husband] George Mackenzie 1st Earl Cromartie [aged 73] was created 1st Earl Cromartie. Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss [aged 44] by marriage Countess Cromartie.

On 11th March 1705 Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss [aged 46] died. Her son David [aged 27] succeeded 4th Earl Wemyss.

In 1714 [her former husband] George Mackenzie 1st Earl Cromartie [aged 84] died.

[her daughter] Anne Wemyss was born to James Wemyss 1st Lord Burntisland and Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss.

George Mackenzie 1st Earl Cromartie and Anna Sinclair were married.

Royal Ancestors of Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss 1659-1705

Kings Wessex: Great x 18 Grand Daughter of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England

Kings Gwynedd: Great x 14 Grand Daughter of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd

Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 20 Grand Daughter of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth

Kings Powys: Great x 15 Grand Daughter of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys

Kings Godwinson: Great x 19 Grand Daughter of King Harold II of England

Kings England: Great x 5 Grand Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Kings Scotland: Great x 3 Grand Daughter of King James V of Scotland

Kings France: Great x 8 Grand Daughter of Charles "Beloved Mad" VI King France

Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 23 Grand Daughter of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine

Kings Spain: Great x 15 Grand Daughter of Alfonso VII King Castile VII King Leon

Ancestors of Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss 1659-1705

Great x 2 Grandfather: David Wemyss

Great x 1 Grandfather: John Wemyss

Great x 4 Grandfather: William Ruthven

Great x 3 Grandfather: William Ruthven 2nd Lord Ruthven

Great x 2 Grandmother: Cecilia Ruthven

Great x 4 Grandfather: Patrick Halyburton 4th Lord Dirletoun

Great x 3 Grandmother: Janet Halyburton Lady Dirletoun

GrandFather: John Wemyss 1st Earl of Wemyss 6 x Great Grand Son of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Andrew Stewart 1st Lord Avondale 4 x Great Grand Son of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandfather: James Stewart of Beath 3 x Great Grand Son of King Robert III of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Kennedy Lady Avondale 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Robert III of Scotland

Great x 2 Grandfather: James Stewart 1st Lord Doune 4 x Great Grand Son of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Lindsay 3rd Lord Lindsay of the Byres 2 x Great Grand Son of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Lindsay 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Marion Baillie

Great x 1 Grandmother: Mary Stewart 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Colin Campbell 3rd Earl Argyll 4 x Great Grand Son of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandfather: Archibald Campbell 4th Earl Argyll 5 x Great Grand Son of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Jean or Janet Gordon Countess Argyll 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 2 Grandmother: Margaret Campbell 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: William Graham 3rd Earl Menteith 3 x Great Grand Son of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Graham Countess Argyll 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Robert II of Scotland

Father: David Wemyss 2nd Earl of Wemyss 2 x Great Grand Son of King James V of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Gilbert Gray of Buttergask 10 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Patrick Gray 4th Lord Gray 11 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 2 Grandfather: Patrick Gray 5th Lord Gray 5 x Great Grand Son of King Robert III of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: James Ogilvy 4th Lord Ogilvy of Airlie 4 x Great Grand Son of King Robert III of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandmother: Marion Ogilvy 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Robert III of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Helen Sinclair 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Robert III of Scotland

Great x 1 Grandfather: Patrick Gray 6th Lord Gray 6 x Great Grand Son of King Robert III of Scotland

GrandMother: Jane Gray Countess Wemyss Great Grand Daughter of King James V of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: King James IV of Scotland Son of King James III of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandfather: King James V of Scotland Son of King James IV of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Tudor Queen Scotland Daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 2 Grandfather: Robert Stewart 1st Earl Orkney Son of King James V of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandmother: Euphame Elphinstone

Great x 1 Grandmother: Mary Stewart Lady Gray Grand Daughter of King James V of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Gilbert Kennedy 2nd Earl Cassilis 3 x Great Grand Son of King Robert III of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandfather: Gilbert Kennedy 3rd Earl Cassilis 4 x Great Grand Son of King Robert III of Scotland

Great x 2 Grandmother: Jean Kennedy Countess Orkney 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Robert III of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Alexander Kennedy of Bargany 3 x Great Grand Son of King Robert III of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Kennedy Countess Cassilis 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Robert III of Scotland

Margaret Wemyss Countess Cromartie 3rd Countess Wemyss 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King James V of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandfather: George Leslie 4th Earl Rothes

Great x 2 Grandfather: Andrew Leslie 5th Earl Rothes

Great x 1 Grandfather: James Leslie Master of Rothes

GrandFather: John Leslie 6th Earl Rothes

Mother: Margaret Leslie Countess Buccleuch and Wemyss 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King James II of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Robert Erskine 4th Lord Erskine 16th Earl of Mar 3 x Great Grand Son of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Erskine 17th Earl of Mar 4 x Great Grand Son of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 2 Grandfather: John Erskine 18th Earl of Mar 5 x Great Grand Son of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Archibald Campbell 2nd Earl Argyll 3 x Great Grand Son of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Campbell Countess Mar 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Stewart Countess Argyll 10 x Great Grand Daughter of King David I of Scotland

Great x 1 Grandfather: John Erskine 19th Earl of Mar 6 x Great Grand Son of King Robert II of Scotland

GrandMother: Anne Erskine Countess of Rothes 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King James II of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Stewart 3rd Earl Lennox Great Grand Son of King James II of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Stewart Duke Orkney 2 x Great Grand Son of King James II of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabel or Elizabeth Stewart Countess Lennox 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 2 Grandfather: Esme Stewart 1st Duke Lennox 3 x Great Grand Son of King James II of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandmother: Anne Queuille Lady Aubigny

Great x 1 Grandmother: Mary Stewart Countess Mar 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King James II of Scotland

Great x 2 Grandmother: Catherine Balsac Duchess Lennox