Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses
Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.
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Paternal Family Tree: Hepburn
Maternal Family Tree: Agnes Stewart Countess Bothwell 1469-1557
In August 1511 [his father] Adam Hepburn 2nd Earl Bothwell and [his mother] Agnes Stewart Countess Bothwell [aged 42] were married. She by marriage Countess Bothwell. She the illegitmate daughter of [his grandfather] James Stewart 1st Earl Buchan. He the son of Patrick Hepburn 1st Earl Bothwell and Margaret Gordon Countess Bothwell.
In 1512 Patrick Hepburn 3rd Earl Bothwell was born to [his father] Adam Hepburn 2nd Earl Bothwell and [his mother] Agnes Stewart Countess Bothwell [aged 43]. He a great x 4 grandson of King Edward III of England.
On 9th September 1513 at the Battle of Flodden was fought at the Branxton, Northumberland [Map]. the English army was commanded by Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk [aged 70], Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk [aged 40], Edmund Howard [aged 35], Thomas Dacre 2nd Baron Dacre Gilsland [aged 45], Edward Stanley 1st Baron Monteagle [aged 51] and Marmaduke Constable [aged 56].
The English army included: Henry "Shepherd Lord" Clifford 10th Baron Clifford [aged 59], William Conyers 1st Baron Conyers [aged 44], Thomas Berkeley 5th Baron Berkeley [aged 41] and Richard Neville 2nd Baron Latimer of Snape [aged 45].
Father and son Ralph ellerker of risby in yorkshire and Ralph Ellerker were knighted by Thomas Howard Earl of Surrey, as were Marmaduke Constable [aged 33], William Constable [aged 38], George Darcy 1st Baron Darcy Aston [aged 16], Edmund Walsingham [aged 33], Thomas Burgh 7th Baron Cobham 5th Baron Strabolgi 1st Baron Burgh [aged 25] and Walter Stonor [aged 36].
John Booth [aged 78], Randall Babington, John Bigod [aged 38] and Thomas Fitzwilliam [aged 39], Christopher Savage [aged 49], Thomas Venables [aged 44] and Brian Tunstall [aged 33] were killed.
Bryan Stapleton of Wighill [aged 55] was killed. (Some reports have him dying in 1518).
The Scottish army suffered heavy casualties:
King James IV of Scotland [aged 40] was killed. His body was taken to London, then to Sheen Priory, Richmond [Map]; thereafter it disappeared. His son James [aged 1] succeeded V King Scotland.
Archbishop Alexander Stewart [aged 20] was killed.
David Kennedy 1st Earl Cassilis [aged 43] was killed. His son Gilbert [aged 18] succeeded 2nd Earl Cassilis. Isabel Campbell Countess Cassilis by marriage Countess Cassilis.
William Sinclair 2nd Earl Caithness [aged 54] was killed. His son John succeeded 3rd Earl Caithness.
Matthew Stewart 2nd Earl Lennox was killed. His son John [aged 23] succeeded 3rd Earl Lennox.
William Hay 4th Earl Erroll was killed. His son William [aged 18] succeeded 5th Earl Erroll.
John Douglas 2nd Earl Morton was killed. His son James succeeded 3rd Earl Morton, 6th Lord Dalkeith.
[his father] Adam Hepburn 2nd Earl Bothwell was killed. His son Patrick [aged 1] succeeded 3rd Earl Bothwell.
Alexander Stewart 4th of Garlies [aged 32] was killed. His son Alexander [aged 6] succeeded 5th Lord Garlies.
Alexander Elphinstone 1st Lord Elphinstone was killed. His son Alexander [aged 3] succeeded 2nd Lord Elphinstone.
Thomas Hay, George Hepburn Bishop Isles [aged 59], Adam Hepburn Master [aged 56], Thomas "Younger of Cushnie" Lumsden
William Douglas 6th Lord Drumlanrig was killed. William "Younger" Douglas 7th Lord Drumlanrig succeeded 7th Lord Drumlanrig.
George Seton 5th Lord Seton was killed. His son George succeeded 6th Lord Seton.
John Hay 2nd Lord Hay of Yester was killed. His son John [aged 23] succeeded 3rd Lord Hay of Yester. Elizabeth Douglas Lady Hay by marriage Lord Hay of Yester.
Henry Sinclair 3rd Lord Sinclair [aged 48] was killed. His son [his future brother-in-law] William succeeded 4th Lord Sinclair.
[his uncle] James Stewart 1st Lord of Traquair [aged 33] was killed. His son William [aged 7] succeeded 2nd Lord Traquair.
John Maxwell 4th Lord Maxwell [aged 57] was killed. His son [his step-father] Robert [aged 20] succeeded 5th Lord Maxwell.
George Home 4th Lord Home and John Stewart 2nd Earl Atholl [aged 38] fought.
William Graham 1st Earl Montrose [aged 49] was killed. His son William [aged 21] succeeded 2nd Earl Montrose.
Robert Erskine 4th Lord Erskine 16th Earl of Mar was killed. His son John [aged 26] de jure 17th Earl Mar, Lord Erskine.
Thomas Stewart 2nd Lord Innermeath [aged 52] was killed. His son Richard succeeded 3rd Lord Innermeath.
Robert Crichton 2nd Lord Crichton of Sanquhar [aged 41] was killed. His son Robert [aged 22] succeeded 3rd Lord Crichton of Sanquhar
Father and son William Rollo [aged 59] and Robert Rollo 5th of Duncrub [aged 34], brothers David Lyon of Cossins, William Lyon and George Lyon were killed. John Somerville 1st of Cambusnethan [aged 55], William Keith of Inverugie [aged 43], David Wemyss of Wemyss [aged 40], Robert Keith Master of Marischal [aged 30], Guiscard Harbottle [aged 28], John Erskine, David Home [aged 22], Andrew Stewart 1st Lord Avondale [aged 43], Archibald Campbell 2nd Earl Argyll [aged 64], Robert Douglas of Lochleven [aged 89] were killed. William Murray [aged 43], Colin Oliphant [aged 26], William Ruthven [aged 33], George Douglas [aged 44] and William Douglas [aged 42] were killed. Walter Lindsay of Arden and Walter Lindsay [aged 33] were killed.
Around December 1513 Alexander Home 3rd Lord Home and [his mother] Agnes Stewart Countess Bothwell [aged 44] were married. She the illegitmate daughter of [his grandfather] James Stewart 1st Earl Buchan.
Around 1523 [his step-father] Robert Maxwell 5th Lord Maxwell [aged 30] and [his mother] Agnes Stewart Countess Bothwell [aged 54] were married. She by marriage Lord Maxwell. The difference in their ages was 24 years; she, unusually, being older than him. She the illegitmate daughter of [his grandfather] James Stewart 1st Earl Buchan.
Around 1534 [his son] James "Lord Bothwell" Hepburn 1st Duke Orkney was born to Patrick Hepburn 3rd Earl Bothwell [aged 22] and [his wife] Agnes Sinclair Countess Bothwell. Coefficient of inbreeding 3.13%. He married (1) February 1566 his third cousin Jean Gordon Countess Bothwell and Sutherland, daughter of George Gordon 4th Earl Huntley (2) 15th May 1567 his half third cousin once removed Mary Queen of Scots, daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise Queen Consort Scotland.
In 1534 Patrick Hepburn 3rd Earl Bothwell [aged 22] and Agnes Sinclair Countess Bothwell were married. She by marriage Countess Bothwell. He the son of Adam Hepburn 2nd Earl Bothwell and Agnes Stewart Countess Bothwell [aged 65]. They were first cousin once removed. He a great x 4 grandson of King Edward III of England.
Before 16th October 1543 Patrick Hepburn 3rd Earl Bothwell [aged 31] divorced [his wife] Agnes Sinclair Countess Bothwell.
Tudor Tracts Chapter 3. [4th May 1544]. And in a valley, upon the right hand, near unto the said town, the Scots were assembled to the number of 5,000 or 6,000 horsemen, besides a good number of footmen; to impeach [prevent] the passage of our said army: in which place, they had laid their artillery at two straits [passes] through which we must needs pass, if we minded to achieve our enterprise. And seeming, at the first, as though they would set upon the Vanguard: when they perceived our men so willing to encounter with them, namely, the Cardinal, who was there present, perceiving our devotion to see his holiness to be such as we were ready to wet our feet for that purpose, and to pass a ford which was between us and them; after certain shot of artillery on both sides: they made a sudden retreat; and leaving their artillery behind them, fled towards Edinburgh. The first man that fled was the holy Cardinal [Beaton] [aged 50] like a valiant champion; and with him the Governor, the Earls of Huntley [aged 30], Murray And Bothwell [aged 32], with divers other great men of the realm. At this passage, were two Englishmen hurt with the shot of their artillery; and two Scottish men slain with our artillery.
In September 1556 Patrick Hepburn 3rd Earl Bothwell [aged 44] died. His son James [aged 22] succeeded 4th Earl Bothwell.
Tudor Tracts Chapter 3. In the meantime, word was brought by a Herald of ours — whom the Lord Lieutenant had sent to summon the Castle — that the Earl Bothwell and the Lord Hume with the number of 2,000 horsemen were entered the town, and were determined to the defence thereof. Upon which knowledge, the Lord Lieutenant sent with diligence to the Vanward, that they should march towards the town. And Sir Christopher Morice, Lieutenant of the Ordnance, was commanded to approach the gate called the Cany gate [Canongate] [Map], with certain battery pieces: which gate lay so, that the ordnance must be brought up a broad street of the suburbs, directly against the said Cany gate; which was the occasion of the loss of certain of our gunners. And before that any battery could be made by the said ordnance, divers of the captains of the Vanward — the better to comfort their soldiers — assailed the said gate with such courage, that they repulsed the Scottish gunners from the loupes [embrasures'] of the same, and there slew and hurt sundry of their gunners, and by force drew one piece of artillery out of one of the said loupes.
The True Chronicles of Jean le Bel Volume 1 Chapters 1-60 1307-1342
The True Chronicles of Jean le Bel offer one of the most vivid and immediate accounts of 14th-century Europe, written by a knight who lived through the events he describes, and experienced some of them first hand. Covering the early decades of the Hundred Years’ War, this remarkable chronicle follows the campaigns of Edward III of England, the politics of France and the Low Countries, and the shifting alliances that shaped medieval warfare. Unlike later historians, Jean le Bel writes with a strong sense of eyewitness authenticity, drawing on personal experience and the testimony of fellow soldiers. His narrative captures not only battles and sieges, but also the realities of military life, diplomacy, and the ideals of chivalry that governed noble society. A key source for Jean Froissart, Le Bel’s chronicle stands on its own as a compelling and insightful work, at once historical record and literary achievement. This translation builds on the 1905 edition published in French by Jules Viard, adding extensive translations from other sources Rymer's Fœdera, the Chronicles of Adam Murimuth, William Nangis, Walter of Guisborough, a Bourgeois of Valenciennes, Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke and Richard Lescot to enrich the original text and Viard's notes.
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Cuthbert Ramsay and [his mother] Agnes Stewart Countess Bothwell were married. She the illegitmate daughter of [his grandfather] James Stewart 1st Earl Buchan.
Chronicle of Scotland by Robert Lindesay Volume 2 Book 1 Chapter 4. The gowernour and cardinall beand aggreit in this maner the governour commitit him all haill to the cardinall and that he sould remane at his counsall. And to that effectt delywerit him his eldest sone in pladge and was put in Sanctandrois in his castell in keiping. Schone eftir this the lordis convenit at Stiruiling the xx [20th] day of August in the zeir of god Im vc xliij [1543] zeiris and thair convenit the zoung quein with gret solempnitie, trieumphe, playis, phrassis and bankating and great danceing befor the quene with greit lordis and frinche ladyis. And schone eftir this thair was ane parliament hauldin at Edinburgh the xxviij [28th] of August the zeir of god foirsaid1 quhair thair the contractt of pace and mariaige maid betuix ingland and scotland was dissolweit in plane parliament aganes money of the hairtis of Scotland except allennerlie the quein and cardinall and thair factioun for it maid meikill weir heirschip and slauchter in scotland as ze sall heir heireftir. This beand done the quein returned agane to stirvilling with hir in cumpanie the erle of lennox2 and the erle bothwell3 with mony vther lordis and gentillmen and speciallie thame that war owaris4 and lowearis for hir court was than lyk wenus and cupido in the tyme of fresche maij for thair was sic dansing singing playing and merines into the court at that tyme that no man wald haue tyred thairin bot at this tyme the erle of lennox persawing the governour and cardinall to be aggreit and so tender and familiar togidder that he dreidit no les nor he was dissawit and frustrat of his purpois.
Note 1. This Parliament of 28th August 1543 is not recorded,
Note 2. Matthew, fourth Earl of Lennox, father of Darnley.
Note 3. Patrick, third Earl of Bothwell, father of James, fourth Earl of Bothwell, husband of Queen Mary.
Note 4. "Owaris"? See Glossary.
[his daughter] Jean Hepburn was born to Patrick Hepburn 3rd Earl Bothwell and Agnes Sinclair Countess Bothwell at Crichton Castle. Coefficient of inbreeding 3.13%. She married (1) her half third cousin once removed John "Lord Darnley" Stewart and had issue (2) before 1567 her half third cousin John Sinclair, son of George Sinclair 4th Earl Caithness and Elizabeth Graham Countess Caithness, and had issue.
Kings Wessex: Great x 13 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England
Kings Gwynedd: Great x 11 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd
Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 17 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth
Kings Powys: Great x 12 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys
Kings Godwinson: Great x 14 Grand Son of King Harold II of England
Kings England: Great x 4 Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Kings Scotland: Great x 12 Grand Son of King Duncan I of Scotland
Kings Franks: Great x 20 Grand Son of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor
Kings France: Great x 14 Grand Son of Hugh I King of the Franks
Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 18 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine
Great x 4 Grandfather: Patrick "Younger" of Hailes Hepburn
Great x 3 Grandfather: Adam Hepburn of Hailes
Great x 2 Grandfather: Patrick Hepburn
Great x 4 Grandfather: William "Elder" Borthwick
Great x 3 Grandmother: Janet Borthwick
Great x 1 Grandfather: Adam Hepburn 1st Lord Hailes
Great x 2 Grandmother: Ellen Wallace
GrandFather: Patrick Hepburn 1st Earl Bothwell
Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Home of Home
Great x 3 Grandfather: Alexander Home of Home and Dunglas
Great x 2 Grandfather: Alexander Home 1st Lord Home
Great x 1 Grandmother: Helen Home Lady Hailes
Father: Adam Hepburn 2nd Earl Bothwell 12 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: William Seton 1st Lord Seton 7 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Alexander Seton 8 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Alexander Gordon 1st Earl Huntley 9 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Gordon
Great x 3 Grandmother: Elizabeth Gordon
Great x 1 Grandfather: George Gordon 2nd Earl Huntley 10 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Crichton of Crichton
Great x 3 Grandfather: William Crichton 1st Lord Crichton
Great x 2 Grandmother: Elizabeth Crichton Countess Huntley
GrandMother: Margaret Gordon Countess Bothwell 11 x Great Grand Daughter of King John of England
Patrick Hepburn 3rd Earl Bothwell 4 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: James Stewart 
Great x 3 Grandfather: Robert Stewart of Innermeath
Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabel Graham 
Great x 2 Grandfather: John Stewart of Innermeath 3rd of Lorn
Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Holkettle
Great x 1 Grandfather: James "Black Knight of Lorn" Stewart
Great x 2 Grandmother: Isabel Macdougall
GrandFather: James Stewart 1st Earl Buchan 2 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: King Edward III of England 
Son of King Edward II of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Philippa of Hainaut Queen Consort England 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Stephen I England
Great x 2 Grandfather: John Beaufort 1st Marquess Somerset and Dorset 
Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Giles "Payne" Roet 
Great x 3 Grandmother: Katherine Swynford aka Roet Duchess Lancaster
Great x 1 Grandmother: Joan Beaufort Queen Consort Scotland Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Holland 1st Earl Kent 
4 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Thomas Holland 2nd Earl Kent Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Joan "Fair Maid of Kent" Princess Wales Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Margaret Holland Duchess Clarence 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Richard Fitzalan 3rd or 10th Earl of Arundel 8th Earl of Surrey 
5 x Great Grand Son of King John of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Alice Fitzalan Countess Kent 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Eleanor Plantagenet Countess Arundel and Surrey 
Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England
Mother: Agnes Stewart Countess Bothwell 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England