Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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Brough of Birsay, Orkney is in Birsay, Orkney [Map].
Carbon Date. 695. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix / Populus, from phase 2B at Brough of Birsay [Map], Room 5, Orkney, Scotland.
ID: 408, C14 ID: GU-1229 Date BP: 1305 +/- 55, Start Date BP: 1250, End BP: 1360
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: C D Morris
Reference Name: Renfrew C (ed), 'The prehistory of Orkney', 1985, 274
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 1005. Late Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix / Populus, from phase 3A at Brough of Birsay [Map], Room 5, Orkney, Scotland.
ID: 409, C14 ID: GU-1193 Date BP: 995 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 935, End BP: 1055
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: C D Morris
Reference Name: Renfrew C (ed), 'The Prehistory of Orkney', 1985, 274
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 800. Early Medieval
Report: Carbonised material from features below north wall of structure N, Area I at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland.
ID: 415, C14 ID: GU-1194 Date BP: 1200 +/- 55, Start Date BP: 1145, End BP: 1255
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: C D Morris
Reference Name: Univ Durham/Univ Newcastle upon Tyne Archaeol Rep for 1980 (1981), 35
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 865. Early Medieval
Report: Carbonised material, id as bulked sample, from features below north wall of structure N, Area I at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Comment (subm): [Ed: appears to be duplicate of GU-1195?].
ID: 417, C14 ID: GU-1192 Date BP: 1135 +/- 55, Start Date BP: 1080, End BP: 1190
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 238, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: C D Morris
Reference Name: Univ Durham/ Univ Newcastle upon Tyne Archaeol Rep for 1980 (1981), 35
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 865. Early Medieval
Report: Carbonised material, id as bulked sample, from features below north wall of structure N, Area I at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Comment (subm): [Ed: appears to be duplicate of GU-1192?].
ID: 416, C14 ID: GU-1195 Date BP: 1135 +/- 55, Start Date BP: 1080, End BP: 1190
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 238, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: C D Morris
Reference Name: Univ Durham/ Univ Newcastle upon Tyne Archaeol Rep for 1980 (1981), 35
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 965. Early Medieval
Report: Carbonised grain, id as Hordeum vulgare, Avena fatua, from rubble and debris at end of use of figure-of-eight building of pre-Norse type; Phase A Room B at Birsay Area 3
ID: 419, C14 ID: GU-1230 Date BP: 1035 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 975, End BP: 1095
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 244, OS North: 281
Archaeologist Name: Orkney
Reference Name: Scotland. Comment (subm): [Ed: date given as 1060 60 in second ref. below].""
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 720. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0253, Phase 1, Site IX at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3530, C14 ID: GU-1599 Date BP: 1280 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 1220, End BP: 1340
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 750. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0258, Phase 1, Site IX at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3531, C14 ID: GU-1598 Date BP: 1250 +/- 90, Start Date BP: 1160, End BP: 1340
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 805. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0283, Phase 1, Site IX at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3532, C14 ID: GU-1597 Date BP: 1195 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 1135, End BP: 1255
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 925. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Picea?, from F 0308, Phase 2.2, Site IX at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3533, C14 ID: GU-1570 Date BP: 1075 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 1015, End BP: 1135
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 950. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Picea?, from F 0301, Phase 2.2, Site IX at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3534, C14 ID: GU-1572 Date BP: 1050 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 990, End BP: 1110
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 955. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0270, Phase 2.1, Site IX at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3535, C14 ID: GU-1571 Date BP: 1045 +/- 80, Start Date BP: 965, End BP: 1125
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 1005. Late Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Picea?, from F 0308, Phase 2.2, Site IX at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3536, C14 ID: GU-1573 Date BP: 995 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 935, End BP: 1055
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 845. Early Medieval
Report: Carbonised material from burnt layer in blocked entrance through wall in north of area, Site S at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland.
ID: 418, C14 ID: GU-1319 Date BP: 1155 +/- 55, Start Date BP: 1100, End BP: 1210
Abstract: in Guardianship area
Archaeologist Name: C D Morris
Reference Name: Univ Durham/ Univ Newcastle upon Tyne Archaeol Rep for 1980 (1981), 37
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 650. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0003, Phase 1, Site VII at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3529, C14 ID: HAR-2751 Date BP: 1350 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 1290, End BP: 1410
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 850. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0080, Phase 1, Site VII at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3544, C14 ID: HAR-2755 Date BP: 1150 +/- 80, Start Date BP: 1070, End BP: 1230
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 850. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0087, Phase 1, Site VII at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3541, C14 ID: HAR-2742 Date BP: 1150 +/- 70, Start Date BP: 1080, End BP: 1220
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 860. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0037, Phase 1, Site VII at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3542, C14 ID: HAR-2743 Date BP: 1140 +/- 70, Start Date BP: 1070, End BP: 1210
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 960. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0116, Phase 2.2, Site VII at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3538, C14 ID: HAR-2078 Date BP: 1040 +/- 70, Start Date BP: 970, End BP: 1110
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 980. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from ditch, F 0113, Phase 2.2, Site VII at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3543, C14 ID: HAR-2744 Date BP: 1020 +/- 70, Start Date BP: 950, End BP: 1090
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 980. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0116, Phase 2.2, Site VII at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3539, C14 ID: HAR-2079 Date BP: 1020 +/- 70, Start Date BP: 950, End BP: 1090
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 1000. Late Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0118, Phase 2.2, Site VII at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3540, C14 ID: HAR-2083 Date BP: 1000 +/- 70, Start Date BP: 930, End BP: 1070
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 885. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0225, Phase 2.2, Site VIII at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3545, C14 ID: GU-1390 Date BP: 1115 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 1055, End BP: 1175
Abstract:
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 960. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0237, Phase 3, Site VIII at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3546, C14 ID: GU-1392 Date BP: 1040 +/- 65, Start Date BP: 975, End BP: 1105
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 1025. Late Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0191, Phase 3, Site VIII at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3547, C14 ID: GU-1394 Date BP: 975 +/- 60, Start Date BP: 915, End BP: 1035
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 1085. Late Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix, from F 0230, Phase 3, Site VIII at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland. Coll J R Hunter.
ID: 3537, C14 ID: GU-1391 Date BP: 915 +/- 95, Start Date BP: 820, End BP: 1010
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: J R Hunter
Reference Name: Hunter, J R, 'Excavations on the Brough of Birsay 1974-82', Soc Antiq Scotl Monogr, 4, 1986, 176-8
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 620. Early Medieval
Report: Burnt layer below north wall, structure E at Brough of Birsay, Area IV, site E, Orkney, Scotland.
ID: 410, C14 ID: GU-1251 Date BP: 1380 +/- 55, Start Date BP: 1325, End BP: 1435
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: C D Morris
Reference Name: Univ. Durham/Univ. Newcastle upon Tyne Archaeol Rep for 1980 (1981), 36
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 720. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal, id as Salix / Populus, from burnt layer below north wall of structure E at Brough of Birsay, Area IV, site E, Orkney, Scotland.
ID: 411, C14 ID: GU-1252 Date BP: 1280 +/- 50, Start Date BP: 1230, End BP: 1330
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: C D Morris
Reference Name: Renfrew C (ed), 'The Prehistory of Orkney', 1985; Univ. Durham/Univ. Newcastle upon Tyne Archaeol Rep for 1980 (1981), 36
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 725. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal from spread among features below rubble etc makeup north of Site E at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland.
ID: 413, C14 ID: GU-1254 Date BP: 1275 +/- 50, Start Date BP: 1225, End BP: 1325
Abstract: to north of Site E (Guardianship area)
Archaeologist Name: C D Morris
Reference Name: Univ Durham/Univ Newcastle upon Tyne Archaeol Rep for 1980 (1981), 36
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 740. Early Medieval
Report: Charcoal from spread among features below rubble etc makeup to N of Site E at Brough of Birsay, Orkney, Scotland.
ID: 414, C14 ID: GU-1318 Date BP: 1260 +/- 50, Start Date BP: 1210, End BP: 1310
Abstract: to north of Site E (Guardianship area)
Archaeologist Name: C D Morris
Reference Name: Univ Durham/Univ Newcastle upon Tyne Archaeol Rep for 1980 (1981), 36
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767
Carbon Date. 740. Early Medieval
Report: Burnt layer from below north wall structure E at Brough of Birsay, Area IV, Site E, Orkney, Scotland.
ID: 412, C14 ID: GU-1253 Date BP: 1260 +/- 50, Start Date BP: 1210, End BP: 1310
OS Letter: HY, OS East: 239, OS North: 285
Archaeologist Name: C D Morris
Reference Name: Univ Durham/Univ Newcastle upon Tyne Archaeol Rep for 1980 (1981), 36
Council for British Archaeology (2012) Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland [data-set]. York: Archaeology Data Service [distributor] https://doi.org/10.5284/1017767