The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Baron Birkenhead of Birkenhead in Cheshire

Summary

1919. 1st. Frederick Smith 1st Earl of Birkenhead [aged 46] created.

30th September 1930. 2nd. Son Frederick Smith 2nd Earl of Birkenhead [aged 22] succeeded.

10th June 1975. 3rd. Son Frederick Smith 3rd Earl of Birkenhead [aged 39] succeeded.

16th February 1985. 3rd. Frederick Smith 3rd Earl of Birkenhead extinct.

On 10th June 1975 Frederick Smith 2nd Earl of Birkenhead [aged 67] died. His son Frederick [aged 39] succeeded 3rd Earl Birkenhead, 3rd Viscount Furneaux of Charlton in Northamptonshire, 3rd Viscount Birkenhead of Birkenhead in Cheshire, 3rd Baron Birkenhead of Birkenhead in Cheshire, 3rd Baronet Smith of Hillbrook.