Abney Moor Barrow 1 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Abney Moor Barrow 2 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Abney Moor Barrow 3 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Stakor Hill. In the afternoon, we made four trenches in another barrow, situated on a neighbouring eminence, called Anthony Hill [Map]. It measures about fourteen yards across, and is not more than a foot in height, having been removed to within a few inches of the natural soil. Many fragments of human bone, and a boar's tusk, were found just under the turf, but no depression in the natural level being observed, it became evident that all the interments were destroyed from not having been buried deeper.

Throwley. May 20th, opened a barrow about 30 yards diameter, on Arbor Hill [Arbor Hill Barrow [Map]], near Throwley Hall. Proceeding towards the middle from the south side, through very compact earth, to ihe depth of from three to four feet, in which were bits of charcoal and chippings of flint, we found the ground on the right hand side of the cutting, about the centre of the tumulus, to be more open and stony, and intermixed with rats' bones: following these indications, a cist was soon discovered, constructed of flat slabs of limestone, six of which placed edgeways in a rectangular form served for the basement, whilst above them the sides of the structure were continued by a neat wall, terminating with large flat stones which covered all in. On removing a portion of the wall, the contents, consisting of burnt human bones, amongst which was a flint arrow point, were found covered with fine earth which had penetrated in the course of ages. Adjoining the eastern end of this cist was erected a smaller one, composed of three flat and two rounded stones, so securely covered over that no earth had penetrated through the joints; this also contained burnt bones. The ground on the west side of the trench appearing loose also, we directed our attention that way, and found two more interments of a different character, namely: - two entire skeletons which lay in a contracted position very near to each other; one of them, a young person, had a slender arrow head of flint. A few more human bones and an iron spike about 3 inches long which had been inserted into wood, were found in another part of the tumulus.

Throwley. On the 30th and 31st of July we re-opened the barrow on Arbor Hill [Arbor Hill Barrow [Map]], first investigated by us on the 20th of May, 1858, when we limited the search to the centre. On the present occaslion we began by sinking through the north-east side, which being done to the depth of six feet without affording anything of interest, we then undercut the side nearest the middle of the barrow, where the stones were larger and more open, and soon discovered a skeleton, accompanied by a deposit of calcined bones, laid without protection about a yard below the turf. The skull shows the individual to have been young, and the following articles were placed on a flat stone near the skeleton — a barbed arrow-head with a serrated edge, and a prism-shaped instrument of burnt flint, the latter polished; a small flat piece of wrought bone, that may have been part of a larger implement; and the root end of a horn of the red deer, which has been obliquely broken, and measures about nine inches in length. We examined the contrary side on the 31st of July, and found In the earth a very compact mass of black ashes, having amongst them part of a coarse um, in small pieces, accompanied by a few burnt bones and one flake of flint. Chippings of the same and pieces of firmly-baked pottery were found during the two days' excavation.

Archaeologia Volume 7 Section XIII. The other low [Arbor Low Henge Barrow [Map]] stands on the right hand of the southern entrance into the area of the temple^q. It stands upon the grand rampire, which is a very extraordinary position, and is not above three or four yards removed from the said entrance. This again is a considerable pile of earth, nearly as big as the former, and with the like hollow, or bason, in the area of its top, only that the water which was lodged in it, has, from time to time, run over the interior edge next the fosse, and worn it away. It is natural to imagine, that this low, so singularly situated on the rampire of the temple, must have been of a later conftrusion than the temple itself.

Note q. See the plate.

Thomas Bateman 1824. June 1st, 1824, an ineffectual attempt was made to open the immense tumulus [Map] forming part of the temple of Arbor Lowe [Map]. A deeper cutting was made in the same direction as the one made by Major Rooke in 1782, which was equally abortive; the only articles found by the Major being the almost universal rats' bones and part of a stag's horn; on the later attempt nothing occurred but one human tooth and some animal bones.

Derbyshire Archaeological Journal Volume 30 1908 Page 155. [Fol. 42] June 1st, 1824. Arborlow.².

"Opened the tumulus at Arborlow [Arbor Low Henge Barrow [Map]] by driving a level thro, the N.W. side next to the ditch. We found the whole mass as described by Mr Mander of Bakewell (the companion of Major Rooke on its first examination 29th, June 1782) composed of common vachill or loose stones and earth, intermixed occasionally with lumps of clay. A few heads and jaw bones of rats were scattered among the stones, with a human tooth, some fragments of bone probably human, and some small remains of charcoal. We penetrated 2 or 3 ft. below the depth to which Major Rooke had previously excavated it, when we came to a sandy soil with a stratum of clay beneath it, same as that of the natural soil around the tumulus. We cleared away the whole centre of the mound without making any discovery, or meeting with any circumstance, which would induce us to suppose it had been a place of sepulture. I feel certain, that whatever (from the circumstance of our finding a few bones, and a human tooth) might have been its destination in later times, its original design was not as a place of burial, but was some necessary appendage to the temple."

Briefly referred to, Vestiges, p. 31, and again on p. 64, where Mr. Mitchell is stated to have been associated with Mr. W. Bateman. The second of these pages gives an account of the successful opening of this barrow by Mr. T. Bateman on May 23rd, 1845 when a cist containing burnt human bones and two small vases were found.

Thomas Bateman 1845. On the 16th of June, 1845, the researches at Arbor Lowe were resumed, by cutting through the part of the tumulus [Map] still remaining unexplored. But as nothing more than a few pieces of stag's horn were found, it is reasonable to suppose that the cist and urns previously discovered formed the primary and only interment in this immense and (from its connexion with the druidical temple) most important barrow.

Section II Circles. On the east side of the southern entrance is a large barrow [Map], standing in the same line of circumference as the vallum, but wholly detached except at the base. This barrow has been several times unsuccessfully examined, and remained an antiquarian problem until the summer of the year 1845, when the original interment was discovered, of a nature to prove beyond doubt the extreme antiquity of the tumulus, and consequently of the temple.

Journal of the British Archaeological Association Volume 16 Page 101. At the south-east corner, about fifty feet from the southern entrance, is another barrow or tumulus [Map], projecting from the exterior of the agger, in which a vase was found, of British time;

Ten Years' Digging Observations on Celtic Pottery. The third division, comprising the vases for food, includes vessels of every style of ornament, from the rudest to the most elaborate, but nearly alike in size, and more difficult to assign to a determinate period than any other, from the fact of a coarse and a well-finished one having several times been found in company. They occur both with skeletons and burnt bones; perhaps more firequendy with the former, where they are often found near the head. Where two have been found, it has generally been with burnt bones, and probably indicates the combustion of two bodies. The woodcuts show two found in the barrow on the circle at Arbor Low [Map], in 1845, with a ground plan of the cist indicating their position.

Rude Stone Monuments in all Countries Chapter IV. There is another very interesting addition at Arbor Low, which is wanting at Penrith, this is a tumulus [Arbor Low Henge Barrow [Map]] attached unsymmetrically to the outer vallum. This was, after repeated attempts, at last successfully excavated by the Messrs. Bateman, and found to contain a cist of rather irregular shape, in which were found among other things two vases¹⁶⁷ one of singularly elegant shape, the other less so. In themselves these objects are not sufficient to determine the age of the barrow, but they suffice to show that it was not very early. One great point of interest in this discovery is its position with reference to the circle. It is identical with that of Long Meg with reference to her daughters, and perhaps some of the stones outside Avebury, supposed to be the commencement of the avenue, may mark the principal places of interment.

Note 167. Bateman, 'Vestiges,' p. 65.

John Lubbock 1879. He commenced by cutting a trench across the barrow [Map] from the south side. In the operation a shoulder-blade and antler of red deer were discovered, and also a number of water-rats' bones. On reaching the highest part of the tumulus, which was elevated about four yards above the natural soil, a large flat stone was discovered, about five feet in length, by three feet in width, lying in a horizontal position, about eighteen inches above the natural floor. This stone was cleared, when a small six-sided cist was exposed, constructed of ten limestone blocks, which were placed on one end, and having a floor of three similar stones. The chamber was quite free from soil, the cover having prevented the entrance of earth, and protected the contents, which were a quantity of calcined human bones, strewed about the floor of the cist; amongst which were found a rude kidney-shaped instrument of flint, a pin made from the leg-bone of a small deer, and a piece of spherical iron pyrites. At the west end of the cist were two ornamented, but dissimilar, urns of coarse clay. One had fallen to pieces, but has since been restored, and is of an elegant form; the other was taken out quite perfect, and is of much ruder design and workmanship. In addition to these urns, a piece of the ornamented upper edge of another vase, quite unlike the others, was found, The floor of the chamber was laid - the natural soil, and the cist was strewed with rats' bones, both within and without. The pin had probably been used as a brooch, while the flint and iron pyrites, which have been found in association in other barrows, probably served for procuring fire. The urns belong to the type which have been called food vessels, to distinguish them from the cinerary urns in which the ashes of the deceased were placed. They may have contained two sorts of food, or food and drink; or, as Mr. Bateman supposes, the presence of two may indicate a double burial.

John Lubbock 1879. The celebrated Temple of Arbor Low, the most important monument of the kind in this part of England, consists of a circle of large, unhewn limestones surrounded by a deep ditch, outside of which rises a lofty vallum. The stones composing the circle are rough, unhewn masses, about thirty or forty in number; though as several are broken, this cannot exactly be determined; they are from six to eight feet in length, by about three or four feet in breadth at the widest part. At present they are all lying on the ground, and it is doubtful whether they were ever upright. Within the circle are some smaller scattered stones, and in the centre are three larger ones, which may, perhaps, have originally formed a dolmen, or sepulchral chamber. The central platform is 167 feet in diameter. The width of the fosse is about 18 feet; the height of the bank or vallum on the inside (though much reduced by the unsparing hand of Time), is still from 18 to 24 feet. The vallum is chiefly formed of the earth thrown out of the ditch, with a little from the ground which immediately surrounds the exterior of the vallum; thus adding to its height, and to the imposing appearance it presents to any one approaching from a distance. To the enclosed area are two entrances, each of the width of ten or twelve yards, and opening towards the north and south. On the east side of the southern entrance is a large barrow [Map], holding, in the opinion of some archaeologists, the same relation to the circle as Long Meg [Map] to the circle of stones [Map] near Penrith, known as her "daughters." This mound was first attacked in 1770, by the then occupier of the farm; secondly, in 1782, by Major Rooke; and thirdly, in 1824, by Mr. William Bateman; but none of these gentlemen succeeded in discovering the interment. At length, in 1845, Mr. Thomas Bateman was more fortunate.

Harold Gray 1902. On the south-east vallum a, Bronze Age tumulus [Map] was constructed undoubtedly from material derived from the original monument of Arbor Low. As previously stated, no bronze was found here or in Gib Hill [Map], just over 1,000 feet distant; but their other contents point to a Bronze Age culture, probably not particularly late. If the "finds" from this tumulus¹ on the vallum of Arbor Low are to be regarded as belonging to the Early Bronze period, "then," as Mr. Henry Balfour said at Belfast, "the probability of the circle being of Neolithic date is much increased."

Note 1. The absence of bronze in this interment does not necessarily give an Early Bronze Age date for the burial, for bronze was rarely found with interments even in the fully-developed Bronze Age. The two pots found in the tumulus (figs. 1 and 2) are not "beakers," or drinking-vessels, which the Hon. John Abercromby has recently classified as being the oldest Bronze Age ceramic type in Britain, Journal of the Anthrolologieal Institute, xxxii. 373.)

Harold Gray 1902. These urns are figured in the accompanying illustrations, figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 1 was found filled with burnt bones. It is unusually wide and low: 4½ inches high, 9 inches diameter at top, 4 inches diameter at base. The other pot, fig. 2, found with it, is 4½ inches high, 5½ inches diameter at top, 3 inches at bottom. In June, 1845, the digging of this tumulus [Map] was resumed, but nothing further was discovered beyond a few pieces of deer-horn. Mr. Bateman never took the trouble to fill-in his excavation properly, the result being that four or five little knolls exist round the top of the tumulus, bounding a rather deep depression in the centre (see photograph, plate II.). In addition to this, he threw some of his débris into the ditch, clearly shown in the plan and photograph plate I. The formation of this tumulus, which is probably of somewhat later date than the vallum, has caused a gap to occur in the vallum on either side of the mound. There is also another irregularity in the form of the rampart to the north of the tumulus, caused by a kind of spur which extends halfway across the fosse. All along the crest of the eastern and north-eastern vallum are irregular depressions, sufficient material for filling which may be observed at intervals in ledges and patches along the base of the inner side of the east and north-east vallum, or, in other words, along the outer edge of the fosse in these parts. The only feasible explanation for this seems to be that Messrs. Bateman and Isaacson, elated by their success in finding the interment in the tumulus close to, pursued their investigations along the adjacent crest of the vallum at intervals, shovelling the material inwards down the slope of the rampart.

Derbyshire Archaeological Journal Volume 30 1908 Page 155. The tumulus [Arbor Low Henge Barrow [Map]] at the temple on Arberlow was begun to be opened by Major Rook, June 26, 27, 28. Common Rachell, in which small parts of animal bones, parts of stag horns, some of birds with claws, some of mice. Clay in some parts. The name given to this place by the country people Arbour lows Rink — William Normanshaw of Middleton by Youlgreave says he has seen some of these stones erect.

Harold Gray 1902. On the south-east, adjoining the external face of the vallum and partly resting on it, a tumulus [Map] stands, the summit 7½ feet above the surrounding turf-level (see photograph, plate II.). This barrow was first attacked in 1770 by the then occupier of the farm, without success. Likewise to 1782 by Major Rooke, assisted by John Manders, and in 1824 by William Bateman and Samuel Mitchell, of Sheffield. A fourth attempt, made in 1845, by Thomas Bateman and Rev. S. Isaacson, resulted in the discovery of a limestone cist, which has been frequently described¹. It contained calcined human bones, a bone pin², pyrites and flint, and two small urns³, differing considerably in style and ornamentation, but undoubtedly of Bronze Age manufacture, and probably rather early in that period⁴.

Note 1. "Arbor Low," by Sir John Lubbock, the Reliquary, xx. 8l-85; Bateman's Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire, 64-66 and 74; and Winchester Volume of the British Archrological Association (1845), 197-204.

Note 2. Figured in Fergusson's Rude Stone Monuments, r4r, and Vestiges, 65,

Note 3. These relics are in the Sheffield Museum. The urns are reproduced by kind permission of Mr. E. Howarth, the curator.

Note 4. Dr. Brushfield calls my attention to the very misleading representation of this urn in Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire, p. 65.-Ed. D.A.N.E S

Thomas Bateman 1845. The first barrow [Map] opened this season was a small one situate near Hunter-mere, on Ashford Moor, which was (on the 23d of April, 1845) divided into four sections, in order to leave no part of it unexplored; it was formed with great exactness having a slight ditch or depression surrounding the base and although so perfect and uninjured in its appearance it was found upon examination to have been previously explored; owing to this circumstance the contents were uninteresting; near the surface was found a small iron arrow-head probably of much later date than the original interments, of which the remains in the shape of small pieces of bone were found promiscuously in the tumulus. In the same manner were found five instruments of flint of no particular interest, sundry chippings of the same, a piece of smoothly-rubbed sandstone, and rats' bones as usual; on the surface of the natural soil there was a small quantity of charcoal strewed about.

Ten Years' Digging 1853. On the 10th of April, we examined a mound [Bank Top Barrow [Map]] situated in a small waterless valley near the farm-house at Bank Top, near Hartington, but found that although it had evidently been cast up as a barrow, its contents had been removed at a former period, as we discovered traces of recent excavation in the presence of pieces of earthenware, such as was used in the last century, dispersed throughout the centre. The tumulus was composed of earth and stones, heaped up on the surface of the land to the height of three feet at least. We observed numerous pieces of animal bone, part of a stag's horn, and a few pieces of Romano-British pottery about the natural surface; one of the latter is the circular bottom of a vessel about three inches diameter, which appears to have had the broken edge rubbed down previous to its being buried.

Thomas Bateman 1845. The afternoon of the same day was occupied in opening a much larger barrow [Map] [Bassett Wood Barrow [Map]] at Basset Wood, near Tissington, which (though seldom found to be the case in this county) was entirely formed of earth, and was as compact as though it had been a mound formed by nature, instead of a tumulus raised by the hands of the early inhabitants of these parts; owing to this appearance of the soil, attributable doubtless to the high antiquity of the structure, it was for some time considered doubtful whether it had ever been before disturbed, until the discovery of a regular floor of large limestones neatly jointed, set the question at rest. This floor was found to have been placed upon the level of the natural soil, to have been strewed with charcoal, and then to have been covered to a depth of six feet with the sepulchral mound, in the centre of which it was entombed. No remains being apparent upon the upper side of the floor, it was removed, and was found to cover a small round cist, about a foot in diameter, of the most primitive description, being nothing more than an excavation in the earth; it contained burnt bones, the remains of one person, and a good deal of charcoal. There were a few traces of animal remains a few inches above the limestone floor, but of such an indefinite nature, that it would have puzzled even Cuvier to have made anything intelligible of them, being no more than a lights coloured earth, amongst which the cellular structure of the interior of bones was apparent.

Section I Tumuli 1843. The first tumulus opened this season was situate upon the Meadow-place Farm, near Yolgrave, and is generally known as Bee Lowe [Map]; it was decided upon to open it on the 16th of June, when it was found to be impossible to excavate it in a proper manner, owing to the trees growing upon the sides; therefore the only method of examining it was by sinking a hole down the centre of the mound, which consisted of loose earth and stones, amongst which a profusion of rats' bones was met with. In the course of this excavation the broken fragments of a human skeleton were turned up, which made it evident that one interment at least had been disturbed at some former period. Amongst these bones were found a small arrow-head of flint, elegantly formed, two rude instruments of the same material, and about half a dozen horse's teeth. On reaching the native soil, which was about four feet from the top of the barrow, the primary deposit was found, consisting of burnt bones, amongst which was part of a bone pin, also calcined; and near to the same place lay some fragments of a well-baked clay urn, very tastefully ornamented with a chevron pattern, and which had been of the form of vessel designated "drinking cups" by Sir Richard Hoare, by which name they will be distinguished in the subsequent parts of this work, as a simple way of expressing their difference from the sepulchral urns and incense cups, although it is by no means certain that they were made use of for the purpose implied by the words "drinking cup."

Thomas Bateman 1845. On an elevated piece of ground, about midway between Wetton and Ilam, Staffordshire, known by the not very euphonious name of "Bitchinhill Harbour," [Note. Beechenhill [Map]] stand two small barrows, situated about three hundred yards apart, both of which were opened on the 8th of July, 1845. The one nearest the road [Possibly Beechen Hill Barrow 1 [Map]] was first explored, without much success, as it proved to have been rifled of its contents at some former period; still a square cist was visible in the centre into which the skeleton had been thrown by the former excavators; amongst the bones were found a few pieces of flint and part of a bone instrument, of no great interest. In another part of the tumulus a deposit of calcined bones was found; which, though lying close to the surface, had been overlooked by the previous explorers; amongst them were discovered three instruments of flint, of neat work-manship, and part of a stag's horn, which had been cut in various places, apparently by flint saws. In the course of the excavation a small fragment of earthenware (probably an urn) was picked up near the surface.

Bitchinhill. On the evenings of the 29th and 30th of May we made further search in the second barrow [Possibly Beechen Hill Barrow 1 [Map]] at Bitchinhill Harbour, previously opened on the 8th of July, 1845, and turned over much of the tumulus without finding any interment. The following notes were taken at the time. The East side was formed of stone mixed with earth, the rest of the mound being of earth only; the rocky floor was also lower on the East than elsewhere, and in this depression we found part of two Romano-British vessels, an iron awl 3½ inches long, which has had a wooden handle, and some charred wood. At the North-West side were numerous pieces of melted lead, some of which had run into forms like thick wire, probably from the heat of the funeral pile, as all the bones we noticed, as well as the pieces of flint, had been calcined. The lead was about a foot beneath the turf, and amongst the usual unimportant objects found in disturbed barrows were fragments of imperfectly baked pottery, pieces of stags' horns, pebbles, and a sharpening stone.

Bitchin Hill. On the 4th and 6th of June we re-opened a barrow [Beechen Hill Barrow 1 [Map] or Beechen Hill Barrow 2 [Map]] at Bitchin Hill Harbour [Map], which had been partially excavated on the 8th of July, 1845. The present operations were directed to the south-east side, where, at the depth of about a foot from the surface, we found the contracted skeleton of a young person, lying on its right side^ and having a small vase, 6½ inches high simply ornamented, standing upright at the feet — a very imusual position in this part of the country, as the vessels are almost always placed near the upper part of the person. The vase was guarded by a flat stone, a foot square, set up by its side. A similar stone was set on edge by the skeleton, which was embedded in rats' bones, and was much decayed. About a handful of burnt bones was found at no great distance from it. More to the east we found the skeleton of an adult^ wanting the head, although the bones had not been disturbed; it lay in the usual contracted posture, with the shoulders towards the head of the other skeleton, and was accompanied by a boar's tusk of small size only. Amongst other animal remains observed in the barrow were bones of the polecat (Mustela Putorius, Linn.). It will be remarked that headless skeletons are not very unusual in tumuli in this part of England.

Thomas Bateman 1845. The second barrow [Note. Possibly Beechen Hill Barrow 2 [Map]] is on a much higher site than the preceding; but like it had not escaped previous observation the whole of the upper portion having been removed; nothing, therefore, could be expected to remain in its original situation in the interior. The following articles were discovered in the course of digging: the remains of a coarse and rudely-ornamented urn, with its deposit of burnt bones, which lay about a foot beneath the surface; a third brass coin of Constantino the Great, of an extremely common type, and some pieces of stag's horn, were found close under the turf.

Bitchin Hill. On the 4th and 6th of June we re-opened a barrow [Beechen Hill Barrow 1 [Map] or Beechen Hill Barrow 2 [Map]] at Bitchin Hill Harbour [Map], which had been partially excavated on the 8th of July, 1845. The present operations were directed to the south-east side, where, at the depth of about a foot from the surface, we found the contracted skeleton of a young person, lying on its right side^ and having a small vase, 6½ inches high simply ornamented, standing upright at the feet — a very imusual position in this part of the country, as the vessels are almost always placed near the upper part of the person. The vase was guarded by a flat stone, a foot square, set up by its side. A similar stone was set on edge by the skeleton, which was embedded in rats' bones, and was much decayed. About a handful of burnt bones was found at no great distance from it. More to the east we found the skeleton of an adult^ wanting the head, although the bones had not been disturbed; it lay in the usual contracted posture, with the shoulders towards the head of the other skeleton, and was accompanied by a boar's tusk of small size only. Amongst other animal remains observed in the barrow were bones of the polecat (Mustela Putorius, Linn.). It will be remarked that headless skeletons are not very unusual in tumuli in this part of England.

Longstone Edge. On the 17th of July we broke ground in a fresh district, by opening a barrow near Longstone called Blake Low [Map], which had been a good deal mutilated by the removal of stone. Nevertheless we found the interment in the centre to be quite undisturbed, though the remains of about six individuals in a rude cist close by were in a state of the utmost disorder. These were accompanied by four neat instruments of flint, and the remains of a curiously-decorated urn. The preservation of the central deposit was owing to the body having been laid in a grave cut in the rock to the depth of two feet. The skeleton was that of a very young woman, or rather of a girl, and lay on the left side, with the knees drawn up. At the head was a drinking cup, rather more globular in form than usual, 7½ inches high, the upper part ornamented by parallel grooves; and along with the skeleton were the bones of an infant, with the tine of a stag's antler. The grave was filled up to the level of the natural soil with limestone, amongst which was as large an accumulation pf the bones of the water-vole as we have seen in any barrow.

Warslow. On the 23rd of February, at Blakelow [Map], near Warslow, we opened a barrow, twenty yards across and two feet deep in the middle of our section, composed of stiff earth of different colours, inclining to clay. Not far from the centre was a deposit of calcined bones, mixed with charcoal, lying on the natural surface, covered and surrounded with stones placed with but little attention to regularity, excepting a few on the level which seemed to have been arranged in a row. The bones were accompanied by two neatly-wrought instruments of flint - one a spear-head, the other oval - which, contrary to the general custom, had not passed through the fire. Several other trenches were made without further results.

Section I Tumuli 1843. Some years ago, a large and interesting barrow upon Bakewell Moor, called Bole Hill [Map], was carted away in order to build stone fences, at which time a vault was discovered, closed with a large, fiat stone, which, being removed, displayed to the astonished rustics engaged in the work of demolition, the unexpected sight of three human skeletons. The only relic found with them was a large spear of some kind of metal, which was preserved for a short time and then lost. There are yet traces of five vaults to be seen on the ground fonnerly covered by the tumulus. These vaults were filled up for about a foot in depth with soil which was dug out and examined on the 24th of August, 1843, in the hope of rescuing some relic before all traces of this once noble barrow shall have disappeared, and its existence be forgotten. In the largest vault the remains of four human skeletons and the pieces of a large sepulchral urn of coarse material and plain manufacture were brought to light. In another of the vaults were found a few bones, horses' teeth, and two skulls of the polecat. In the other three vaults nothing was found but rats' bones, which were equally prevalent in each vault.

Bole Hill. On the 25th of May, we opened two stone cists on the site of the ruined tumulus at Bole Hill [Map], Bakewell Moor, where some remarkably elongated crania were found in 1843.

The first we examined did not appear to have been disturbed, although the skull therein discovered lay in one comer, apart from the skeleton to which it belonged. The body had been deposited in the usual contracted position upon its left side, and was surrounded by small stones, having above an artless covering of large flat slabs. The shortness and slenderness of the bones indicate the female sex, the femur being but 16½, and the tibia 13, inches long. The skull is decidedly long in the fronto-occipital diameter, but from the fulness of the parietal prominences this peculiarity is not so obvious at a first glance as in other crania from the same mound. The obliteration of the sutures, taken in connection with the general smoothness of the calvarium, and the abraded state of the teeth, show that the age at death would not be less than 60 years.

The second cist-vaen had been so thoroughly dug over at a former period, as to yield nothing more than detached bones of two or three skeletons, one of them that of a young person. No instruments or pottery were found in either enclosure. The cists consisted of rectangular compartments, made by placing massive blocks of limestone on edge upon the natural surface of the land, the unoccupied space between them being levelled up with stone collected in the neighbourhood.

Booth Low near Longnor. June the 9th we opened the second of three large barrows at Booth Low, the first of which had been excavated not long before by a resident in the neighbourhood, who discovered a deposit of calcined human bones near the centre of the tumulus, unaccompanied by any urn or instrument. Each of the barrows is about forty yards ill circumference, and eight feet high: that under consideration is nearest the village of Longnor [Note. Booth Low Barrow 1 [Map]]. One successful section through the middle shewed that the funeral rites had been performed upon the spot, the body having been reduced to ashes on the natural level of the ground, the remains were then gathered into a heap and covered with a layer of clay, above which a large fire of oak timber was made, the remains of which, in the shape of large pieces of charcoal, perfectly exhibiting the characteristic grain of oak, were then covered up with successive layers of tempered earth, mixed with a few stones, by which means the mound was formed. A few chippings of flint and a small piece of stag's horn were noticed in the course of the excavation.

Thomas Bateman 1846. On the 19th of August 1846, was opened a barrow [Map] [Note. Bole Hill Barrow 2 [Map]] near the last, much mutilated by the removal of a quantity of stone for fencing, at the time of the inclosure of the common, when, if report be true, two celts of bronze were here discovered. A considerable portion of the circle still remaining, gave hopes of something still untouched, and to be obtained without much labour; but upon examination, the unremoved part of the mound proved to be mainly undisturbed rock, slightly covered with stones and soil, amongst which were found two skeletons, one male, the other female; the former lay close to the turf, and was of course much decayed and broken; the latter was deeper, in fact, it lay upon the surface of the rock, and was in much better preservation; near them were some small pieces of flint, and one small piece of an urn. Below that part of the tumulus that had been carried away was a small deposit of calcined bones, accompanied by those of the rat.

Booth Low near Longnor. On the 23rd of June we made an unsuccessful examination of the third barrow at Booth Low, situated near the last [Note. Either Booth Low Barrow 2 [Map] or Booth Low Barrow 3 [Map]]. With the exception of a few pieces of charcoal, there were no indications of interment observed during the progress of a very large cutting through the centre, which was extended to a slight depression below the natural surface, making the entire depth from the top of the mound rather more than eight feet.

Booth Low near Longnor. On the 23rd of June we made an unsuccessful examination of the third barrow at Booth Low, situated near the last [Note. Either Booth Low Barrow 2 [Map] or Booth Low Barrow 3 [Map]]. With the exception of a few pieces of charcoal, there were no indications of interment observed during the progress of a very large cutting through the centre, which was extended to a slight depression below the natural surface, making the entire depth from the top of the mound rather more than eight feet.

Section I Tumuli 1843. 4th of September, 1843, a small barrow, about two miles south of Middleton-by-Yolgrave [Map], named Borther Lowe [Map], was investigated, first by digging down the centre, and afterwards by cutting it through to the south side. In the first excavation pieces of urns, horses' teeth, and other bones were immediately found. Proceeding lower down, upon the level of the ground on which the barrow was raised, a rude kind of pavement of rough limestones was found, which was covered with a layer of rats' bones. Yet no human bones were discovered in this part of the mound, which was therefore abandoned, and the south side subjected to an examination, with better success. The ground on the south being removed to the depth of a foot, a skeleton, with the head lying towards the interior of the barrow, was uncovered. It was found to be in a very decayed state, from its being placed so near the surface, within the influence of the atmosphere. On the left side of the skeleton were the remains of a plain, coarse urn, much disintegrated, owing to the reason above stated, a flint arrow-head, much burnt, a pair of the canine teeth of either a fox or a dog of the same size, and a diminutive bronze celt. The contemporary use of weapons of flint and bronze is remarkable: in another place are a few observations bearing upon this point. In other parts of the tumulus were three hones of fine slatestone. In an adjoining field are the remains of another barrow, removed in order to supply materials for a stone fence at the least expense; but there are no records of any discovery of interments having been made at the time.

Middleton. On the 5th of February we re-opened the barrow at Borthor Low [Map], first examined In September, 1843, (Vestiges, p. 48.,) when no central interment was found, although it appears that the cutting on that occasion was carried to within six inches of a skeleton, which lay on its left side in a very contracted posture, and which appears to have been the interment over which the tumulus was originally raised. The only relic found in close proximity to the body, was a rudely formed arrow-head of burnt flint, but in the earth not far distant were two more pieces of flint and a chip from a stone celt. In the course of the excavation we noticed rats' bones in profusion, and near the surface some small pieces of earthenware.

Thomas Bateman 1845. The afternoon of the same day was occupied in opening a barrow at Bostom [Map], near Dovedale. In the centre of this tumulus was a very large cist, the sides of which were formed of limestones, standing edgeways upon the rock, which served for the floor, whilst the cover was made by several large and heavy stones lying upon the upper edges of the side stones; nevertheless the cist when opened was found to be full of fine soil which being removed presented the following results: the most ancient interment was the skeleton of a man whose knees were contracted, accompanied by two rude instruments of flint; he lay upon the rocky floor at the extremity of the cist. About one yard distant from this interment and in the centre of the cist was a small hexagonal cist, containing a deposit of calcined human bones; these interments were both upon the floor of the cist and were of higher antiquity than those about to be described, though it is by no means clear that the former were deposited at the same time. On a higher level, within the cist, were two more human skeletons, in a fine and perfect state of preservation, one of which lay with its knees contracted, immediately above the small cist containing the burnt bones; the other, which was the skeleton of a female, lay in a similar position, midway between the small dst and the first-mentioned interment, at the extremity of the vault, but, as before stated, on a higher level. It is both remarkable and worthy of notice, that the female skeleton was without head, though undisturbed and perfect in every other respect, none even of the most minute bones being deficient. Neither of the two later interments was enriched by urns or ornaments, and nothing else was found but pieces of stags' horns and animal teeth. The rats' bones in this barrow were both numerous and in excellent preservation, their skulls being perfect, which is not usually the case.

Section I Tumuli 1843. On the 19th of July, 1843, a small barrow [Map] situated near the edge of a rocky declivity, on Brassington Moor, and not previously known as a sepulchral mound, was opened in such an effectual manner as to cut it into four sections. A secondary interment near the surface was found to have been dug up and buried again some time since; there were a good many rats' bones, and six pieces of flint, three of which were chipped, in order to make some kind of rude instruments whose use is now quite unintelligible; arriving at the centre, a small square cist, haying a flat stone for its base, and another similar for a cover, was found to contain the remains on whose account the tumulus had been first raised, which consisted of a deposit of burnt bones, amongst which were found an arrow- or lance- head of flint, two inches and a half in length, and two instruments of flint of the circular shape, which appeared to have undergone the action of fire; on the outside of the cist a few fragments of an urn of unusual thickness and rude design were found.

Thomas Bateman 1845. On the 12th of May, 1845, was opened a very large cairn, or stony barrow, called Brier Lowe [Map], near Buxton; it was about six feet in central elevation, and about twenty yards in diameter. On approaching the centre, upon the level of the natural surface, it was found to be covered with rats' bones, amongst which were some small pieces of an urn, and some burnt human bones, which had doubtless been disturbed upon the occasion of the interment of a body, which was discovered in the middle of the barrow. This skeleton was laid upon some flat limestones, placed on the natural ground, with its head towards the south, and its knees contracted; it was very large and strong, and was accompanied by a bronze dagger, in excellent preservation, with three rivets remaining which had attached the handle: this fine instrument lay close to the middle of the left upper arm, and is the first of the kind ever found in Derbyshire. The skeleton was surrounded with a multitude of rats' bones, the remains of animals which had in former times feasted upon the carcass of the defunct warrior, which fact was satisfactorily proved by the gnawed appearance of the various bones, and from the circumstance of several of the smaller ones having been dragged under the large flat stones upon which the body lay, and which could not by any other means have got into that situation. This barrow is extremely interesting, as having produced conclusive evidence regarding the "quæstio vexata" of the cause of the perpetual occurrence of rats' bones in barrows in various places, which are the remains of generations of those unpleasant quadrupeds which have burrowed into the tumuli, in all probability to devour the bodies therein interred.

Samuel Carrington 1851. On the 1st of March we resumed our labours for the season, having obtained permission to excavate two barrows near Broad Low Ash [Map], in a field to the right hand of the road leading from thence to Ashbourne, from which town they are about two miles distant. They are not more than ten yards asunder, and their diameters are respectively seventeen and twenty-two yards. We selected the least for examination first, and found it to consbt of stiff earth, with many large stones in the centre. On sinking down at this point, we found human bones that had been displaced to make room for a later interment; beneath was a grave cut one foot deep in the uatural soil, which was about a yard from the summit of the mound. The first undisturbed interment lay on the natural level, close to the north-east side of the grave. It was a skeleton reposing on its right side, with the head to the north, having with it a small spear-head of flint, and near the skuU a deposit of calcined human bones, containing two neatly chipped flints, both fractured from having been burnt with the body. We have here a double interment, by inhumation and cremation, suggesting a barbarous rite. Within the grave was the skeleton of a young person, lying on the right side, in the same direction as the others. Before the face was a very neatly ornamented vessel of clay, 5½ inches high, inverted upon the smooth side of a large boulder; and a small spear-head of flint. The ornamentation of the vase has been effected in part by a flat-sided pointed instrament, and partly by the thumb nail.

Samuel Carrington 1851. On the 8th of March we examined the largest barrow at Broad Low Ash [Map], which is so near the road as to have lost a part of one side by the fence, although the centre remained perfectly intact. By digging a trench, nine feet wide and eighteen feet long, through the middle, we found it to be entirely composed of earth, except in a place about two yards from the roadside, where there were a number of stones about a foot beneath the surface, and near them some charcoal, with burnt bones in small quantity, and flakes of flint. No other trace of interment was found.

In other barrows similarly composed of earth, flat stones and scattered bones have been found near the summit, all below being formed of solid earth, frequently in strata of different colour, which have evidently never been disturbed, whilst the most careful search has failed to discover any deposit in the usual situation on or below the natural soil; whence we may conclude that in this by no means unfrequent class of tumuli, the interment (generally by cremation) was for some reason placed near the surface, where it was so liable to destruction by cultivation and other causes so as to render it a matter of surprise that any remnants should have been preserved to the present day.

Ten Years' Digging Appendix. Barrow Near Warslow, Opened By Mr. Herbert Manclarke.

On the 18th of April, 1850, a barrow at Brownlow [Brown Low Barrows [Map]], near Warslow, was opened in the presence of numerous spectators, by Mr. Manclarke. It consisted mostly of earth, and was examined by digging a pit down the middle to the depth of five feet, when the undisturbed soil appeared strewed with charcoal, mixed with burnt bones, from among which were taken two pieces of flint, wherewith the discovery terminated.

On the 27th of November, 1851, a barrow near Warslow, called Lid-Low [Lid Low Barrow [Map]], was opened by Sir John Harpur Crewe, Bart., and Sir Gardner Wilkinson, in which they found a skeleton, accompanied by a fine bronze dagger, 7½ inches long, with two rivets attached to it, and two others separate, all lying near the head, besides two well-formed spear-heads of flint, the largest of which measures 2¾ inches in length.

Sheen. On the 21st of August we examined a very large barrow [Map] [Brund Low [Map]] near Sheen, in Staffordshire, about 35 yards diameter and more than 9 feet deep, wholly composed of earth, which, near the natural surface, was mixed with charcoal, and varied by layers of moss. The latter in a great measure retained its natural colour, and contained many beetles, some of which were well preserved. About a yard from the bottom a thin ferruginous seam ran through the mound, perfectly solid and hard like pottery, which might possibly be the effect of heat. No interment was found, but there is little doubt of the existence of a deposit of calcined bones in some part of the mound.

Sheen. On the 21st of June we made an excavation in the centre of a large tumulus, at the Brund [Brund Low [Map]], near Sheen, measuring 38 yards diameter and nine feet high, composed of earth. About half way down we found a deposit of calcined bones, much decayed, the teeth being most conspicuous amongst the fragments. Near them was a triangular sandstone, in which a circular cavity had been artificially worked, like that found at Elkstone on the 31st of August, 1850. By filling up the cutting, we found a flint that had been chipped to a circular form.

On the 16th of July we made another parallel trench, near four yards long, which at the north end was two yards deep, and gradually increased to three at the other extremity, before reaching the undisturbed surface. We found no interment, but observed a little charcoal, and picked up two chippings of flint, and another of the sandstones, with a cup-shaped cavity worked in it. The stone in this case was too large for carriage, so we cut out the part with the cup. Capsular stones of this kind are not uncom* monly found in tumuli on the Yorkshire moors, especially in the neighbourhood of Pickering, as will be seen further on in this volume. I was also told by Mr. Rhind that he had found the same inside the primitive structures called "Picts' Houses," in Caithness. We were told that the apex of this barrow had been much lowered some time since, when a bronze weapon, half a yard in length, was found.

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries V15 1895. The following week, Mr. Sheldon opened a larger barrow, known as Brundlow [Map], in the vicinity of Roylow. It was opened by Mr. Carrington in 1851¹, who described it as of earth, and found in it several pieces of flint, two sandstones with cup-shaped cavities, and half-way down a deposit of calcined human bones. Mr. Sheldon's trench (east to west) supplies further particulars. He found that the mound was of two layers, an upper one of earth, four er five feet thick, and a lower of stones (mostly worn and probably derived from the river Manifold in the neighbourhood), thrown together anyhow. Below these stones he found, in a small hole in the natural soil, ashes and calcined human bones; and about a yard or so away, and upon the natural surface, ' fragments of well-preserved bones, hard and dry, and evidently human.' It is difficult to say whether these bones were connected with those of the hole; but it cannot be doubted that the latter represented the primary interment, that over which the mound was erected in the first instance. It is also difficult to know how to regard the high-level bones that Mr. Carrington observed.

Note 1. Ten Years' Diggings, 177.

Section I Brushfield Barrow 1825. About the year 1825 a tumulus, at Brushfield [Map], Derbyshire, was accidently opened by the farmer in whose land it was. It contained an iron sword, measuring thirty-two inches in length and two inches in breadth, the iron umbo of a shield, an iron knife and buckle. These articles passed into the hands of the late Mr. Birds, of Eyam; and thence, with the exception of the centre of the shield, into the author's museum.

Bull Ring Barrow [Map]. Historic England:

On the south-west side of the henge, c.20m distant, is a large mound interpreted as an oval barrow overlain on its western end by a later bowl barrow. It is sub-rectangular in shape and measures 27m by 21m by c.2.5m high. Originally it would have been somewhat higher but has been disturbed on the summit by a World War II slit trench. Its current plan is due to modern disturbance round its edges, caused by ploughing and the construction and later removal of drystone walls on its east and north sides. No recorded excavation of the barrow has been carried out so it cannot be precisely dated.

Derbyshire Archaeological Journal. The Stone Circle, known as the Bull Ring [Map], at Dove Holes, and the Mound [Map] Adjoining¹. By Edward Tristram, F.S.A

Note 1. This paper, in a somewhat curtailed form, was read at the Meeting of the Annual Meeting of the Society, at Buxton, in 1912.

Bunster. 6th of June, we opened a barrow [Bunster Hill Barrow [Map]] in a plantation on the brow of Bunster Hill, by the side of Dovedale; it was fourteen yards diameter, and three feet high, composed of earth with but few stones, and was completely honeycombed by rabbit burrows. The only interment was a full-grown skeleton laid on the natural surface, South of the centre, on the left side, with the knees drawn up, and the head to the outside of the mound; the femur measures seventeen inches, and the skull exhibits a frontal suture, although it would appear to be that of a person in middle life. Close to the head lay a small arrow head, and some chippings of flint, two larger pieces lying nearer the surface; just above the feet was a large flat stone, beneath which were a few pieces of burnt bone. We observed neither rats' bones nor the customary fragments of those of other animals in any part of the mound.

Bitchin Hill. On the 5th of June we examined a mound [Bunster Hill Barrow [Map]] on Bunster Hill, by Dovedale, which, from being raised on a natural prominence, is very conspicuous. Its actual diameter is twenty-five yards, the height two feet. A road has been cut through the north-east side, without, however, injuring the centre; yet we were unsuccessful in finding any interment, although we made five parallel trenches, each five yards long, through the principal part of the tumulus, without seeing more than a little charcoal about the middle.

Thomas Bateman 1846. On November 30th, 1846, were opened two barrows near Middleton, upon the Calling Lowe Farm, which probably has acquired the denomination of "Lowe" from the presence of these two tumuli, doubtless once well known and venerated. The first barrow [Map] [Note. Calling Low Barrow 1 [Map]] is situate near the edge of the Lowe Dale, at the termination of a stony ridge, which has been taken advantage of in forming the shape of the tumulus, without the expenditure of much labour. The skeleton, with the knees drawn up lay on its right side, in an oblong cist, the extremities of which were respectively north-east and south-west, and which was constructed of flat limestones, arranged in a depression in the rock, about eighteen inches in depth, near the centre of the barrow; near the pelvis were two instruments of calcined flint, namely, a spear-head and a circular-ended instrument, and above the body lay the bones of a dog's hind leg, and a round ball of sandstone about two inches and a half in diameter. Many rats' bones accompanied this interment which, owing to its proximity to the surface, was very much decayed.

Thomas Bateman 1846. The other barrow [Map] [Note. Calling Low Barrow 2 [Map]] is a lowly sepulchre, not rising more than a foot above the surrounding field, and situated nearer the Yolgrave and Buxton road than the preceding one is. About two feet from the surface, in the centre, and consequently beneath the natural level, was a skeleton inclosed in a mass of stiff earth, which had almost effected the destruction of the bones; near the pelvis of this body a rude instrument of calcined flint was found; it was the only relic deposited with this interment, which had, undoubtedly, supplanted the rightful occupants of the tomb: this circumstance was proved by the discovery of the remains of two previous interments, which had been thrown on one side to make room for the intruder. These I relics comprised many pieces of two unbumt skeletons, parts of two highly-ornamented drinking-cups, and many bones of animals, amongst which the remains of rats were as usual most numerous.

Section I Tumuli 1787. About the year 1787, Major Booke opened a barrow [Note. It isn't clear which of the four Calton Barrows, Chatsworth [Map]: Calton Barrow 1 [Map], Calton Barrow 2 [Map], Calton Barrow 3 [Map] and Calton Barrow 4 [Map] is being referred to.] situate at the southern extremity of the earthwork at Calton, near Chatsworth, where he found an Urn of very coarse clay, slightly ornamented by zig-zag scratches, containing ashes of a light brown colour: it was found near the bottom of the tumulus, placed between two stones, set edgeways, and covered by a third; it measured near five inches in height, and near six in diameter at the mouth.

Calton Low. On the 2nd of May, we examined some of the tumuli on Calton Pasture, near Chatsworth, of which there are at least seven, all more or less mutilated.

The first [Probably Calton Barrow 1 [Map]] of those opened by us was a large flat barrow, about seventj feet diameter, and four high, situated in a field adjoining "The Hospital Field," consequently not in the large open Calton Pasture, though close to it. It was composed of sand and small stones, increasing in size towards the centre, where was a large cist vaen constructed of sandstones, which we found had been broken up very recently before our visit; we found only a few scattered burnt bones, and pieces of lead ore, which had undergone the action of fire.

Section I Tumuli 1787. About the year 1787, Major Booke opened a barrow [Note. It isn't clear which of the four Calton Barrows, Chatsworth [Map]: Calton Barrow 1 [Map], Calton Barrow 2 [Map], Calton Barrow 3 [Map] and Calton Barrow 4 [Map] is being referred to.] situate at the southern extremity of the earthwork at Calton, near Chatsworth, where he found an Urn of very coarse clay, slightly ornamented by zig-zag scratches, containing ashes of a light brown colour: it was found near the bottom of the tumulus, placed between two stones, set edgeways, and covered by a third; it measured near five inches in height, and near six in diameter at the mouth.

Calton Low. The next [Probably Calton Barrow 2 [Map]], near "The Beech Plantation," had been a conical mound, covering an area fourteen yards in diameter, but was much mutilated by the centre being removed. It had originally been constructed as the last, with a central cist surrounded by stones and sand, and had contained a deposit of calcined bones, accompanied by a small vase, neatly ornamented, of which we found some fragments.

Section I Tumuli 1787. About the year 1787, Major Booke opened a barrow [Note. It isn't clear which of the four Calton Barrows, Chatsworth [Map]: Calton Barrow 1 [Map], Calton Barrow 2 [Map], Calton Barrow 3 [Map] and Calton Barrow 4 [Map] is being referred to.] situate at the southern extremity of the earthwork at Calton, near Chatsworth, where he found an Urn of very coarse clay, slightly ornamented by zig-zag scratches, containing ashes of a light brown colour: it was found near the bottom of the tumulus, placed between two stones, set edgeways, and covered by a third; it measured near five inches in height, and near six in diameter at the mouth.

Calton Low. The third [Probably Calton Barrow 3 [Map]] was a small mound connected with some earthen ridges rather lower down in the Park; it was soon found to have been pillaged, and was therefore as speedily abandoned.

Section I Tumuli 1787. About the year 1787, Major Booke opened a barrow [Note. It isn't clear which of the four Calton Barrows, Chatsworth [Map]: Calton Barrow 1 [Map], Calton Barrow 2 [Map], Calton Barrow 3 [Map] and Calton Barrow 4 [Map] is being referred to.] situate at the southern extremity of the earthwork at Calton, near Chatsworth, where he found an Urn of very coarse clay, slightly ornamented by zig-zag scratches, containing ashes of a light brown colour: it was found near the bottom of the tumulus, placed between two stones, set edgeways, and covered by a third; it measured near five inches in height, and near six in diameter at the mouth.

Calton Low. The fourth [Probably Calton Barrow 4 [Map]] and last that we examined, is near the fence separating the estates of the Dukes of Devonshire and Rutland, and is a bowl-shaped barrow, about fourteen yards across and four feet high. We worked for some time more hopefully than at the former mounds, as it did not appear to have been so much disturbed, although we ultimately found that it had. It was principally formed of stone, with but little earth, and we found that the interment had been placed in a depression in the natural surface in the centre, which had been cleared out by former excavators. From the presence of burnt lead ore, and a piece of pure lead, it is probable that the interment had been by cremation as in the others.

Calton Moor. On the 26th of April, we opened a barrow near Calton Moor House [Calton Moor House Barrow [Map]], thirty yards diameter, consisting of earth only, which, though much lowered by ploughing, and further mutilated by a driving-road for cattle having been cut through it, was fortunately not sufficiently injured to affect the original interment, which consisted of a simple deposit of calcined bones, placed exactly in the centre of the barrow, without either cist or accompaniment save charcoal, which spread out from the bones over the natural surface for some distance. We dug in other parts of the mound without meeting with further interments, but we found a few flints, including a barbed arrow-head, and a flake from an instrument which has had a polished surface.

Calwich Low Bowl Barrow [Map] is located on the crest of a shelf overlooking the Dove Valley. It survives as a slightly oval flat-topped earthen mound up to 0.8m high with maximum dimensions of 30m by 29m. The monument is not known to have been excavated.8m high with maximum dimensions of 30m by 29m. The monument is not known to have been excavated.

Throwley. On the 10th of February, we investigated a tumulus [Possibly Cart Low [Map]] midway between Throwley and Calton, 17 yards across and 3 feet high, wholly composed of earth of a burnt appearance throughout The principal interment was found about a yard from the centre, and consisted of a deposit of large pieces of calcined human bone, which lay within a circular hole in the natural soil, about a foot deep, of well defined shape, resulting from contact with a wooden or wicker work vessel, in which the bones were placed when buried, the vestiges of which, in the form of impalpable black powder, intervened between the bones and the earth. Upon the bones lay part of a small bronze pin, and a very beautiful miniature vase, of the "Incense Cup" type, 8⅛ inches high, 3½ diameter, ornamented with chevrons and lozenges, and perforated in two places at one side. Among the bones were two small pointed pieces of flint, and a common quartz pebble; and below the deposit was the shoulder-blade of a large animal, which has been designedly reduced to an irregular shape by the use of flint saws, or otlier instruments equally inefficient. At one side of this interment, were four other deposits of calcined bone, placed on the floor of the mound, here of rock, intersected by veins of clay, without any protection from cist or urn, but evidently deposited at one and the same time, as the heaps were quite distinct and imdisturbed, though very near to each other. They had been so thoroughly calcined as to be comminuted, and had almost reached the inevitable catastrophe of "dust to dust,"

Cauldon. On the 14th of April, we examined the remnant of a barrow on the summit of a very high hill, called Cauldon Low [Map]. It is about 22 yards across, and is planted with stunted fir trees, for the protection of which a wall has been built round the tumulus, the stone having been supplied by its spoliation. Owing to this, we were unable to find more than a few calcined bones, pieces of pottery, rats' bones, and two instruments of flint, all which occurred near the centre.

Thomas Bateman 1846. Upon the hill called Lowe, above the village of Chelmorton, there are two considerable cairns or barrows of stone [Note. Chelmorton Low Round Barrow 1 [Map] and Chelmorton Low Round Barrow 2 [Map]], standing within fifty yards of each other, neither of which is altogether covered with turf, notwithstanding the immense time which must have elapsed since they were piled in their present situations; consequently they convey a very clear idea of the appearance of this kind of tumulus in its pristine grandeur, and therefore cannot be looked upon without at once carrying the mind back through a score of centuries, until one would hardly feel surprise at seeing a Druid or a British hunter stop in his solitary path across the hill to pay his tribute of respect to the hill of graves. Owing to the large size and loose construction of the most considerable one it was found unadvisable to devote any time to its elucidation as a single day would be far from sufficient to penetrate to its centre. The other being more accessible, was singled out as the object of research on the 9th of September, 1846, and though removed to the rock, for a considerable extent, it did not present more tokens of intermentlian one or two fragments of calcined bone, a neat lance-head of flint, and numerous rats' bones, all which were found about the centre. There is strong reason to presume that this barrow had previously undergone examination, although there is no record of such a circumstance having taken place.

Frederick Lukis 1865. In the Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire, published in 1848, by the late Thomas Bateman, Esq., at page 21, there is a short notice that near the little village of Chelmorton two considerable Barrows [Chelmorton Low Round Barrow 1 [Map] and Chelmorton Low Round Barrow 2 [Map]], within a short distance of each other, are to be seen, and Mr. Bateman further informs us that a Barrow was opened, according to Pilkington, by some labouring men who were searching for stones to build a walled fence in the neighbouring field; but from want of a further description and the necessary ground plan, I do not know if the following accidental visit to Chelmorton, and the examination of that neighbourhood by my son, Captain F. Dubois Lukis, in 1865, may not prove to be the identical locality mentioned in the Vestiges. Mr. Bateman likewise in the same publication gives a very short account of that place, as well as of some remains at the Five Wells, which seem to correspond with the facts mentioned by Pilkington, as also with the notes of Capt. Lukis.

Thomas Bateman 1846. Upon the hill called Lowe, above the village of Chelmorton, there are two considerable cairns or barrows of stone [Note. Chelmorton Low Round Barrow 1 [Map] and Chelmorton Low Round Barrow 2 [Map]], standing within fifty yards of each other, neither of which is altogether covered with turf, notwithstanding the immense time which must have elapsed since they were piled in their present situations; consequently they convey a very clear idea of the appearance of this kind of tumulus in its pristine grandeur, and therefore cannot be looked upon without at once carrying the mind back through a score of centuries, until one would hardly feel surprise at seeing a Druid or a British hunter stop in his solitary path across the hill to pay his tribute of respect to the hill of graves. Owing to the large size and loose construction of the most considerable one it was found unadvisable to devote any time to its elucidation as a single day would be far from sufficient to penetrate to its centre. The other being more accessible, was singled out as the object of research on the 9th of September, 1846, and though removed to the rock, for a considerable extent, it did not present more tokens of intermentlian one or two fragments of calcined bone, a neat lance-head of flint, and numerous rats' bones, all which were found about the centre. There is strong reason to presume that this barrow had previously undergone examination, although there is no record of such a circumstance having taken place.

Frederick Lukis 1865. In the Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire, published in 1848, by the late Thomas Bateman, Esq., at page 21, there is a short notice that near the little village of Chelmorton two considerable Barrows [Chelmorton Low Round Barrow 1 [Map] and Chelmorton Low Round Barrow 2 [Map]], within a short distance of each other, are to be seen, and Mr. Bateman further informs us that a Barrow was opened, according to Pilkington, by some labouring men who were searching for stones to build a walled fence in the neighbouring field; but from want of a further description and the necessary ground plan, I do not know if the following accidental visit to Chelmorton, and the examination of that neighbourhood by my son, Captain F. Dubois Lukis, in 1865, may not prove to be the identical locality mentioned in the Vestiges. Mr. Bateman likewise in the same publication gives a very short account of that place, as well as of some remains at the Five Wells, which seem to correspond with the facts mentioned by Pilkington, as also with the notes of Capt. Lukis.

Cliff Top Bowl Barrow [Map]. A bowl barrow located 150m south-east of Cliff Top on the crest of a prominent ridge. It survives as a slightly mutilated oval mound of earth and stone up to 1.4m high with maximum dimensions of 18m by 16m. There is a central pit measuring some 4m by 3m and up to 0.5m deep. A boundary bank 0.3m high crosses the north-east half of the barrow altering the profile slightly. Limited antiquarian investigation at the monument's centre located a rock-cut grave containing a partly disturbed inhumation. A cremation, Romano-British pottery, a piece of iron and a flint were found above the rock-cut grave.

Thomas Bateman 1824. On the 31st of May, 1824, a large tumulus [Map], sixty feet in diameter, and four feet in height, situated in Haddon field, near the river Lathkiln, almost opposite to Conksbury [Map] was opened; it had been before disturbed by labourers in search of stone, who discovered near the centre a loosely walled vault or cist, containing two human skeletons, and a rude urn of baked clay; they also met with a considerable number of Roman coins in small brass, which were deposited in Haddon Hall. This second opening was made by cutting a trench from the north-west extremity towards the centre, during the progress of which the whole barrow was observed to consist of loose stones thrown together.

About three yards from the centre of the mound were found scattered about a quantity of third brass Roman coins to the number of eighty-two (quere 71 ), and with them some small pieces of lead ore, which would furnish an additional proof, were any wanting, of the remote era in which the Derbyshire lead mines were worked; near the coins was part of a glass vessel, when perfect, about three inches in diameter. In the vault (apparently the only one in the barrow), and doubtless containing the original interments, were discovered human bones, some of which had undergone cremation, fragments of four urns, and traces of decayed wood. The bodies were laid with their heads towards the north-east, and had the usual accompaniment of rats' bones; also the teeth of a canine animal.

The coins, which would pertain to a later interment of the Romano-British period, were of the following reigns: Constantine nine, Constans seventeen, Constantius II nine, family of Constantine three; namely, Urbs Roma one, and Constantinopolis two, Valentinian five, Valens twelve, Gratian three, and the remainder illegible.

Hill Head. On the 10th of June, we examined the remnant of a barrow [Cotes Field Barrow [Map]] at Cotes Field, near Hartington, but were disappointed by finding the interior occupied by the ruins of a limekiln; a few fragments of human bone, and bones of rats, alone testifying to the sepulchral origin of the mound.

Arthur Jewitt 1811. From hence looking across the river, several other lowes are visible, among the most conspicuous of which, are Cowlow [Map], which gives name to a small village, and Woolowe and Lowefoot, each of which gives name to a pleasant farm.

Whether the two last have or have not been opened, is not at present but the former, that at Cowlow, was examined a few years ago, and a number of bones of an uncommon size were found therein, of which two or three very large jaw-bones, apparently sound and good, with all the teeth entire, are preserved by a gentleman in Buxton. Some kind of ancient implements were found at the same time, which are said to be now in the possession of two maiden ladies at Great Rocks.

It is worthy of remark that in opening the above lowe, a large quantity of teeth and jaws were found in one part of it, which appear to have belonged to rats, or to some other animal of similar habits and correspondent size ; no other bones of these animals, except those appertaining to the head, could be found. What animals they were, or for what purpose their heads were here deposited in heaps, is a mystery which at present it will be diffcult to explain ; it may perhaps owe its origin to some religious rite.

Crake Low. On the 6th of July the remainder of a mutilated barrow near Tissington, called Crake Low [Map], were explored, attention having been directed towards it by human bones being dug up by persons destroying the mound for the sake of the limestone to be found in it. Upon making a section across the presumed centre of the barrow, which had long sinqe been levelled with the ground, we met with two interments which had escaped the general ruin; but which, owing to their nearness to the surface, were in an advanced state of decay. They consisted of the skeleton of a young person, accompanied by two calcined flints; and a deposit of burnt human bones, with one burnt flint, both placed within a rough cist formed of limestones set on edge; between the two was a small vase of coarse clay, 5½ inches high, perfectly devoid of ornament.

A further discovery of two skeletons and a very small plain rase, which was placed at the head of one of them, was made by some labourers opening a stone quarry near the edge of the mound in December, 1850. The vase and part of the skulls are preserved at Lomberdale House [Map].

Sheen. On the 15th of July we made an excavation, four yards long by three wide, in a barrow in the garden at Newton Grange, near Tissington, Derbyshire. The mound measured fifteen yards diameter and four feet high, and is composed of stiff earth, mixed with chert, amongst which we observed charcoal and a few chippings of flint at intervals from the surface to the natural level, where there were some pieces of calcined bone, a piece of coal, and an iron nail, the two last shovring that the barrow had been previously opened. On the same day we dug a hole in the middle of another barrow [Crake Low Barrow [Map]?], on a hill at Newton Grrange, looking towards Parwich, the dimensions of which were twenty-eight yards diameter by two feet six inches in height, finding it composed of earth and gravel, but making no discovery.

On the 18 th October we turned over a space of about twelve square yards in the centre, for the most of which we found the natural level strewed with charcoal and burnt earth, where were also a few rude flints, but no trace of interment. We likewise tried other parts of the barrow without success.

Taddington. On the 23rd of April, a peculiarly shaped barrow [Map] [Crakendale Pasture Barrow [Map]] upon Crakendale Pasture, near Bakewell, was examined. Its singularity consisted in three prolongations radiating from the central mound, which was about four feet high. On digging in various places, scattered pieces of bone, both human and animal, were found; and in the centre, which had been previously disturbed, were remains of at least three adults and one child, as well as some pieces of calcined bone, bones of rats and other animals, fragments of an ornamental drinking-cup, and a small instrument neatly cut from the tine of a stages horn. The centre of the barrow was carefully surrounded by several courses of flat stones set edgeway on the natural surface, which, if the barrow had been untouched, would have led to an easy discovery of the central cist, round which they had no doubt been placed with great regularity.

Section I Tumuli 1825. On May 19, 1825, an examination of a barrow on the apex of Cronkstone Hill [Map], led to the discovery of a cist, measuring about four feet square, constructed of large stones, which contained a perfect human skeleton, lying on its right side; at the left side of the head, lay the lower part of the horn of a large deer, which measured eleven inches in length, and nine and a quarter in circumference.

Hurdlow. On the afternoon we re-opened the barrow on Cronkstone Hill [Map] (the next eminence), which was examined by Mr. William Bateman, in 1825 (Vestiges, p. 33). A short distance east from the centre was a large irregularly shaped grave in the rock, the bottom of which was upwards of five feet below the apex of the mound, within it lay the skeleton of a full sized person who had suffered from a morbid enlargement of the head of the right humerus; as usual, in the early interments, he lay in a contracted posture, with a circular instrument of flint near the head, and surrounded by rats' bones. A few inches above this skeleton was a deposit of calcined human bones, apparently interred at the same time as it. There may probably be other interments in the mound, which is about 20 yards diameter.

Ten Years' Digging Observations on Celtic Pottery. They yary from 4½ to 5½ inches in height, and have generally a wide mouth and a small bottom. They are composed of clay very similar to that used in the cinerary urns, and are pretty much of the same colour, though on the whole a shade lighter. The plainer specimens are ornamented by incised lines, disposed herring-bone fashion round the upper part, which is generally moulded with a simple hollow, the decoration extending to the edge; sometimes the whole of the outside is marked by the end of the finger. A good average specimen of the plain variety is represented in the cut; it was found at Crosslow [Map], Derbyshire, in 1843.

Section I Tumuli 1844. On the 12th of August, 1844, another barrow [Map] upon the Cross Lowe Farm was opened. It is situated on a ridge of rocky land which overlooks the village of Alsop-in-the-Dale [Map]; and which, in the part occupied by the tumulus in question, is covered with trees. The mound is not more than eighteen inches in height, though, owing to its elevation on a rocky knoll, it appears considerably higher; in the centre was found a cist constructed of rough limestones placed on an edge, in which was deposited at full length a human skeleton, whose head lay towards the south-east, at which extremity of the cist was a deposit of calcined human bones; at the other end of the vault was the skeleton of a child, the bones of which were entire and unburnt; besides these, a few animal teeth, quartz pebbles, and rats' bones were found strewed about the interior of the cist.

Chelmorton. In the afternoon of the same day, we went to a mutilated barrow [Deep Dale Barrow [Map]], situated in a romantic spot close to the verge of some limestone rocks, overhanging a waterless valley near Chelmorton, called Deepdale, about a mile north-west of the village; but found that the whole remains had been turned over, most likely to extract the stone for building purposes. Of objects indicating its original intention, we observed traces in the presence of comminuted bone, rats' bones, and shreds of flint.

Deepdale Barrow 2 [Map]. Unamed burial mound at Deepdale.

Thomas Bateman 1846. On the 5th of September, 1846, was examined the lower part of a large barrow (called Dowe Lowe) [Note. Dow Low Barrow [Map]] near Church Sterndale; the upper part of which had been some time removed, on which occasion an urn and other antiquities were found; fortunately the primary interment was left untouched; though the remnants of later interments deposited on a higher level, consisting of sundry pieces of bone, burnt and unburnt, fragments of urns, and a small piece of thin cylindrical brass, testified to the havock that had been made. The most remote interment consisted of two much decayed skeletons, lying near each other upon the floor of the barrow, about two yards from the centre; one was accompanied by a fluted brass dagger, placed near the upper bone of the arm, and an amulet or ornament of iron ore, with a large flint instrument, which had seen a good deal of service, lying near the pelvis. A few chippings of flint and calcined ];|Luman bones were distributed near the two skeletons.

Ecton Hill. On the 18th of May, we commenced by opening a barrow [Probably Ecton Barrow 1 [Map]] on a hill near the celebrated Ecton Mine, called Hanging Bank. The tumulus is about 20 yards diameter, 4 feet high, and concave in the centre like a bowl. In the middle was found a deposit of calcined human bones, with those of the water-rat in abundance, close to which lay part of the skeleton of an adult, the other part of which had been removed as recorded by Plot, in his History of Staffordshire, 1686 folio, page 330.- "In digging open a Lowe on Ecton Hill, near Warslow, in this county, there were found mens' bones, as I was told, of an extraordinary size, which were preserved for some time, by one Rev. Mr. Hamilton, Vicar of Alstonefield." The burnt bones had also been disturbed at the same time. Both interments lay on the natural surface, unprotected by any cist; the calcined bones were accompanied by a large bone pin, upwards of 5 inches long, two spear points, and two arrow heads of flint, all of which had passed through the fire. A piece of stag's horn was found in another part of the mound.

Ecton. On the evenings of the 11th and 12th of June we investigated a barrow [Probably Ecton Barrow 1 [Map]] on Ecton Hill, which was partially opened on the 18th of May, 1848. On the south side we found a deposit of burnt bones, which had been placed in a large urn, with a projecting border ornamented with diagonal lines, accompanied by two unburnt tines of the antler of the red deer. The urn was much broken when found. Towards the east side was a skeleton much broken and decayed, the head towards the outside; accompanied by a few burnt bones, fragments of earthenware, a few pieces of flint, and animal bones, including a boar's tusk. At the south-west side of the mound were more human bones, which had been disturbed by miners, who finding lead in the tumulus, had concluded it to be the site of an ancient bloomery or smelting-place, such being formerly established on hills for the sake of the draught; their locality is yet indicated by the word Bole, as Bole Hill, &c.

Ecton Hill. On the 9th of May we opened a barrow [Ecton Barrow 2 [Map]] on Ecton Hill, a few hundred yards south of that examined on the Hang Bank. We cleared a space about 13 feet square, in the middle, beyond which there was not more than a foot of raised earth, so that a more extensive cutting was needless, and within this limited area we found eight interments, deposited on the rocky surface of the land, about 18 inches below the turf covering the barrow, which had probably been reduced in elevation by repeated ploughing. The general arrangement of the interments may be simply explained by the statement, that in the centre was a skeleton lying in a contracted posture upon the right side, surrounded by six skeletons all lying contracted upon the left side; and a deposit of calcined bones placed against a stone. They were discovered in the following order. First, the burnt bones; second, a skeleton, beneath which were two rude flints partially calcined; third, a skeleton; fourth, skeleton, accompanied by a round flint; fifth and sixth, two skeletons, lying opposite ways, with the skidls in contact; seventh, skeleton, with a small wrought flint; eighth, a skeleton. With the flfth were a few burnt bones, and the fourth was the central interment.

Ecton Hill. On the evenings of the 12th and 13th of May, we opened a second barrow [Ecton Barrow 3 [Map]] upon Hang Bank, about 300 yards east of that [Ecton Barrow 1 [Map]] previously examined. The diameter is about sixteen yards^ and the mound appears perfect; but notwithstanding its promising exterior, nothing of importance was discovered, a small deposit of burnt bones only being laid in a depression in the natural soil. About a foot from them were two pieces of flint — one a rounded, the other a pointed instrument which seems designed for an arrow-head. The barrow being raised on a ridge of rock was not so deep as it appeared, having an elevation of about two feet in the centre. It was found to be composed throughout of earth, although the neighbourhood abounds with stone, and was so completely excavated that we are satisfied no other interment has ever been made.

Eldon Hill. The first mound [Eldon Hill Barrow 1 [Map]], placed east of the highest point of the hill, measures not more than 5 yards in diameter, by about 2 feet in height, and is composed of small stones and earth. It yielded rats' bones, the root of a stag's horn, and the lower jaw of a small dog or fox, but produced no human remains, very probably fxom having been reduced in size.

Eldon Hill. The other tumulus [Eldon Hill Barrow 2 [Map]] on the highest point of the mountain, measures 16 yards across, by about 4 feet in height, and is composed of large stones and earth. We found that the centre had been previously disturbed; nevertheless we there met with an immense quantity of rats' bones, a few portions of the skeleton of a child, a few bones from the extremities of a full grown person, and a rhomboidal article of bone, 2¼ inches long, with a hole through the middle, most likely intended to attach it to the dress as a button or fastening of some kind. In the undisturbed part, immediately south of the centre, were eight tines or points from the antlers of stags, some showing marks of tooling, also where they had been partially sawn through before they were broken off; accompanied by the lower jaw and bones of a cow, and other splintered animal bones, all lying about 18 inches from the top. Further south was a scattered deposit of calcined human bones, accompanied by the unburnt skeleton of an infant, a fine spear head of flint much burnt, 2 inches long, and a small vase of the usual imperfectly baked clay, 4¾ inches high, very nicely ornamented, but partly disintegrated. The interments lay about 18 inches above the natural surface, among some large stones which were not arranged so as to guard the deposits, indeed the latter appeared to have been carelessly interred at a period subsequent to the formation of the tumulus.

Stephen Glover 1831. About the distance of half a mile from Arbor low to the west is another large barrow called End low [Map] in which ashes and burnt bones have been found. From this numerous barrows may be seen on the distant eminences and in some of them urns human bones ashes and other memorials of the customs of remote ages have been discovered. The names of several places in this neighbourhood are also indicative of antiquity though the places themselves are now of little account as Aldwark five miles south of Arbor low on the Roman road from Buxton to Little Chester; Aldport on another ancient way leading from Aldwark towards Bakewell and some others.

Section I Tumuli 1843. On the 2d of August 1843 a fresh excavation was made into the large tumulus on End Lowe [Map] in a contrary direction to the one made on the former attempt and unfortunately with no better success. The surface not being reached only a few human bones and teeth were seen distributed through the barrow. The discovery of the primary interment in this immense accumulation of stone therefore still remains a desideratum to the Derbyshire archaeologist.

Section I Tumuli 1843. June 21, 1848. A large barrow about eight feet in height, denominated End Lowe [Map], which forms a conspicuous object, being placed on an elevated ridge of land near Heathcote, was subjected to an examination, which proved anything but satisfactory; from the south side, where the turf was first removed, to the centre of the barrow, nothing but large stones presented themselves, which when unmixed with soil, as in this case, are the material worst calculated to afford success to the labours of the antiquarian excavator: however, at the very commencement large quantities of rats' bones, and pieces of the antlers of deer were abundantly scattered about through the more open parts of the mound. About six feet from the southern verge of the circle, was found a human skeleton, apparently of a very young individual, not more than twelve years of age, near which lay a deposit of calcined human bones, without urn or other means of protection from the weight of the overriding mass of stones, by which the skeleton had been much injured. Near the centre of the tumulus a very few human bones of adult size were observed, all of which had the appearance of being gnawed by rats. The natural surface of the ground immediately beneath the middle of the mound was formed to sink to a considerable depth lower than the surrounding levels and it is much to be regretted that owing to the loose nature of the barrow before alluded to it was formed impossible to penetrate to the undisturbed ground upon which in all probability the earliest interment would be formed to lie.

End Low. On the 13th of July we re-opened the large barrow at End Low [Map], which was first attempted in 1843, without our finding the primary interment. Our researches this time resulted in the discovery of the remains of the original occupant, which were, after the expenditure of much labour, found in a cist cut down in the rock to the depth of six feet beneath the natural surface, and upwards of ten feet from the top of the barrow. The skeleton was that of a finely proportioned man, rather above the middle size, and was in good preservation, with the exception of the head, which was decayed at the left side, from contact with the floor of the grave. The bones lay apparently without much regularity, which was attribute able to the settling down of the stones upon the body during the process of decay. At a small distance from them was a bronze dagger and spear head of flint, of a grey colour. The grave was bounded on three sides by rock, and the remaining one was walled up to a level with them with loose limestones. The skull is engraved in the Crania Britannica, and is described by the learned writer as "a well-formed head, presenting very clearly the conformation of the true ancient British cranium, of which it may be regarded as belonging to the typical scries." The femur measures 18.8 inches.

Archaeologia Volume 12 Section XXV. Discoveries in a Barrow [Fin Cop Barrow [Map]] in Derbyshire. In a Letter from Hayman Rooke (age 72), Esq. to Mr, Gough, Read February 11, 1796.

Thomas Bateman 1846. On the 6th of February, 1847, a barrow [Map] [Flax Dale Barrow [Map]] was opened which is situated in the township of Middleton-by-Yolgrave, near a small valley called Flax-dale. It is of the usual bowl-shaped form, and is about three feet in height. Near the centre was found a fine sepulchral urn, neatly ornamented, containing a deposit of calcined bones, over which it was placed, with the mouth downwards. The urn was inclosed within a rude cist, partly cut in the rock, partly walled round, and covered with a large flat stone; about this and indeed throughout the barrow were many pieces of flinty some of which are chipped into the shape of arrow-heads &c. The presence of rats' bones indicated that there had been an interment by inhumation in addition to the foregoing one. Part of a skull and a few bits of pottery were all the vestiges of this deposit which appears to have been disturbed at the time of the interment of the urn and its contents.

Middleton. On the 17th, 18th, and 19th of October, and 1st of November, some further researches were made in the Flax Dale Barrow [Map], near Middleton-by-Youlgrave, where a large cinerary urn with its deposit of burnt bones was found, in 1846. Although the present more extensive excavation was not equally successful, it afforded us an opportunity of becoming acquainted with a plan commonly adopted by the Britons in the construction of their tumuli, by first making a circle of large stones, within which the interments were placed, and then covered with an accumulation of stones, until a mound was formed surrounded by a kind of wall of one or two courses, consisting of the aforesaid circle; the whole was then covered with earth, which, though thinly laid on at the summit, was suffered to extend considerably further than the walled circle thus concealing all the stonework. The earth around the circumference of the barrow was very compact, particularly near the outside, and in some places abounded with pieces of melted lead and calcined flints, which led us to think it probable that fire had been employed to harden the earth whilst moist, with the intention of rendering the mound more durable. The only interment discovered on this occasion was just within the S.W. side of the stone circle: it consisted of a deposit of calcined bones which had originally been placed within an urn so imperfectly baked as to have almost become disintegrated, the decay having been accelerated by the atmosphere, eighteen inches of loose stone only covering the deposit. Some flints, fragmentary human bones, and a chip from a stone celt were casually found in the stony part of the mound.

The adjoining field is called Foggy Lees, which may be a corruption of Foggy Low.

Hasling Houses. In the afternoon we examined the remains on Foxlow Hill [Map], near Buxton, where, in addition to some inconsiderable earthworks, there is the base of a large tumulus, the upper part of which had been removed to within a few inches of the rock. We found many traces of its former contents in the shape of human teeth and rats' bones, but all in the utmost confusion.

Section I Tumuli 1844. On the 10th of May, 1844, the more elevated portion of the barrow at Galley Lowe [Map], which was not thoroughly explored on the former occasion (August 24, 1843) was opened afresh. This part of the tumulus was found to be composed principally of stone having but a slight admixture of soil and being raised to an elevation of five feet its conical form being preserved by a circle of large limestones at the base inclining inwards. On the floor of the barrow no interment was discovered but amongst the loose stones about three feet from the surface was found a human skeleton near which upon a flat stone, was placed a deposit of calcined human bones. About a yard nearer to the centre of the mound, upon the same level, was another skeleton, apparently of a young person. Both these interments were unaccompanied by articles of any description, nothing being found but one piece of urn, which was noticed on refilling the excavation.

Archaeologia Volume 7 Section XIII. The first low [Gib Hill Barrow [Map]] is on your right hand, if you are travelling southward. It is a large mount of earth, nearly round, of about eighteen feet diameter at the top, where there is a great hollow in the middle, in form of a bason, as is common^p. It is twenty-two yards diameter at the base. The original height to the top five yards two feet height on June 17, 1782, before it was opened three yards two feet. On the south side there is a low rampire of earth with several breaks in it, running across the field (at the distance of about seventy yards from the low) from the wall on the west, and under the wall on the east. These walls are plainly of modern erection; and whereas on the west side of that western wall no traces of the rampire are to be found, nor any place where it turned and being but an insignificant thing, it probably is of a late date too. However, it passes quite to the foot of that great rampire which environs the temple, N° 1. Pl. IX.

Thomas Bateman 1824. About 350 yards westward from Arbor Lowe [Map] is a barrow of very large size, called Gib Hill [Map], which is connected with the temple of Arbor Lowe by a considerable rampart of earth, now, however, faint and broken, which runs in a serpentine direction towards this barrow, having its commencement at the foot of the vallum of the temple, near the southern entrance. This tumulus is very conical, and rises to the height of about eighteen feet, and has the usual basin-like concavity on its summit. Its height, immense size, and remote antiquity are calculated to impress the reflecting mind with feelings of wonder and admiration. On opening this barrow it was found to consist of earth and limestone, divided by layers of amygdaloid, and in the centre a bed of very stiff reddish-brown clay, completely saturated with what was supposed to be animal matter, most probably arising from the decomposition of human bones. This bed or stratum of clay was laid upon the natural surface, to the depth of about a yard and a half; it was about three yards in diameter, and about five yards from the summit of the mount; this clay was intermixed with a considerable quantity of charcoal and burnt human bones, and a small sprinkling of rats' bones. From it were taken an arrow-head of flint, two and a half inches long, and unburnt, and a fragment of a basaltic celt.

Derbyshire Archaeological Journal Volume 30 1908 Page 155. [Fol. 45.] July 1824.

Saw Mr White Watson at Bakewell. He had submitted a portion of the reddish brown clay found in Gib Hill barrow [Map], which I had brought away with me, to Sir Francis Darwin and Dr Booth, who both agreed that the appearances of decayed matter throughout the mass were not sufficiently decisive to warrant the conclusion that they were the effects of decayed animal matter.

Mr Watson thought that the stone somewhat shaped like a hatchet found in Gib Hill Barrow [Map], much broken, was, on comparison with such a like in his possession, the remnant of a Celt of porphyry.

Ten Years' Digging 1848. The large barrow upon Middleton Moor, called Gib Hill [Map], situated about 350 yards west from the circular temple of Arborlow [Map], and connected with it by a serpentine ridge of earth, had been previously examined by the late Mr. William Bateman, in 1824, without much success. From the analogy borne by Arborlow and its satellite, Gib Hill, to the plan of Abury with its avenue of stones terminating in a lesser circle on the Hak Pen range of hills, no less than by the remarkable similarity of the names, I had ever reckoned this tumulus to be of more than common importance, under the supposition that a successful excavation of it might yield some approximate data respecting the obscure period of the foundation of the neighbouring circle.

Owing to the large size of the mound, our operations extended over several days, the result of each being noticed diary-wise as at once the most simple and intelligible arrangement.

Section II Circles. About a quarter of a mile from Arbor Lowe, in a westerly direction, is a large conical tumulus, known as Gib Hill [Map], which is connected with the vallum of the temple, by a rampire of earth, running in a serpentine direction, not dissimilar to the avenue through the celebrated temple of Abury; to any believer in the serpent worship of the Celtic tribes this fact will be of interest.

There is also a small barrow situated about fifty yards from the south entrance, which has been opened at some period, of which no record remains, which is much to be regretted, as the contents might possibly have thrown some light upon the age of the temple.

Journal of the British Archaeological Association Volume 16 Page 101. and in the large tumulus called Gib Hill [Map], a cist was discovered, consisting of a slab placed on upright stones; both which are in Mr. Bateman's valuable collection at Youlgrave. (See vol. xv, p. 152, pi. 12, of this Journal, 1859.)

Journal of the British Archaeological Association Volume 16 Page 101. Here the advocates of the ophite [serpent] theory see in the wall, or dyke of stone and earth, which runs from the western side of the agger, near the southern entrance, the form of the wished-for serpent, and connect it by a proper curve with a large barrow or tumulus, called Gib Hill [Map], standing about three hundred paces to the westward, which is conveniently made into the reptile's head; but as the dyke heedlessly continues its course even beyond the line of the tumulus, and there terminates in some broken stones, it plainly shews that it has no connexion whatever with the tumulus, or supposed serpent's head, — if, indeed, the dyke is of equal antiquity with it.

Note 1. Called Arbe or Arbor Low. Lowe or low, a Saxon word signifying a hill or mound, is the law of Northumberland. (See plan.)

Note 2. Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire.

Rude Stone Monuments in all Countries Chapter IV. Attached to Arbor Low, at a distance of about 250 yards, is another tumulus, called Gib Hill [Map], apparently about 70 to 80 feet in diameter¹⁶⁸. It was carefully excavated by Mr. T. Bateman in 1848; but after tunnelling through and through it in every direction on the ground level and finding nothing, he was surprised at finding, on removing the timber which supported his galleries, that the side of the hill fell in, and disclosed the cist very near the summit. The whole fell down, and the stones composing the cist were removed and re-erected in the garden of Lumberdale House. It consisted of four massive blocks of limestone forming the sides of a chamber, 2 feet by 2 feet 6 inches, and covered by one 4 feet square. The cap stone was not more than 18 inches below the turf. By the sudden fall of the side a very pretty vase was crushed, the fragments mingling with the burnt bones it contained; but though restored, unfortunately no representation has been given. The only other articles found in this tumulus were "a battered celt of basaltic stone, a dart or javelin-point of flint, and a small iron fibula, which had been enriched with precious stones."

Note 168. These dimensions are taken from Sir Gardner Wilkinson's plan. The Batemans, with all their merits, are singularly careless in quoting dimensions.

Note 169. Ante, p. 11.

John Lubbock 1879. About a quarter of a mile to the west, there is a large conical tumulus, known as Gib Hill [Map], which was connected with Arbor Low by a rampart of earth, which, however, is now very faint and imperfect. Gib Hill was opened: by Mr. Bateman in 1848. He found that it had been raised over four smaller mounds, consisting of hardened clay mixed with wood and charcoal. The central interment consisted of a dolmen, or stone chamber, situated near the top of the mound. It was composed of four massive limestone blocks covered by a fifth, about four feet square by ten inches in thickness. The cist, having fallen in, was removed, and re-erected in the garden at Lomberdale House [Map]. It contained only a small urn, four-and-a-quarter inches in height, a piece of white flint, and burnt human bones. In the earth of the tumulus were found also a flint arrow-head, a fragment of a basaltic celt, a small iron brooch, and another fragment of iron, supposed by Mr. Bateman to have belonged to a later interment, which had been previously disturbed. To the west, is the Roman Road from Buxton, which passes southwards, not far from Kenslow Top [Map] to the great tumulus of Minning Low [Map].

Harold Gray 1902. On the south-east vallum a, Bronze Age tumulus [Map] was constructed undoubtedly from material derived from the original monument of Arbor Low. As previously stated, no bronze was found here or in Gib Hill [Map], just over 1,000 feet distant; but their other contents point to a Bronze Age culture, probably not particularly late. If the "finds" from this tumulus¹ on the vallum of Arbor Low are to be regarded as belonging to the Early Bronze period, "then," as Mr. Henry Balfour said at Belfast, "the probability of the circle being of Neolithic date is much increased."

Note 1. The absence of bronze in this interment does not necessarily give an Early Bronze Age date for the burial, for bronze was rarely found with interments even in the fully-developed Bronze Age. The two pots found in the tumulus (figs. 1 and 2) are not "beakers," or drinking-vessels, which the Hon. John Abercromby has recently classified as being the oldest Bronze Age ceramic type in Britain, Journal of the Anthrolologieal Institute, xxxii. 373.)

Derbyshire Archaeological Journal Volume 30 1908 Page 155. In the adjoining close S. is another barrow and the name Gib hill [Map] given to the close is for that a man was hung on a gibbet there fixt for a murder there committed — Llewing low (a Welch word) is the name of this barrow, other lows there are, Coving low, and Kenslow.

Blacks Guide to Derbyshire. Parsley Hay, where, on getting out of the train, one sees hardly any houses but the forlorn little terminus, and must turn up the road for a modest refreshment room, is also the station for Arbor Low [Map], the Derbyshire Stonehenge, that stands conspicuously elevated a mile to the east on the south of the Bakewell Road. Its Druidical circle, which comes next in importance to those of Stonehenge and Avebury, consists of overthrown stones, mostly 6 to 8 feet high, lying disordered on a platform about 50 yards in diameter, surrounded by a wide ditch. On the east side of the south entrance is a large barrow, the exploration of which has proved the antiquity of this "high place." Some quarter of a mile westwards is another conical tumulus known as Gib Hill [Map], connected with Arbor Low by a bank of earth. On this side the Roman road can be traced, taking its straighter line near the modem turnpike, with which it in part coincides.

Only the present remoteness of Arbor Low prevents it from being more often visited. "Its situation, though considerably elevated, is not so high as some eminences in the neighbouring country; yet it commands an extensive view, especially towards the north-east, in which direction the dreary and sombre wastes of the heath-clad East Moor are perfectly visible, though distant about 15 miles; were it not for a few stone fences, which intervene in the foreground, the solitude of the place and the boundless view of an uncultivated country are such as almost carry the observer back through a multitude of centuries, and make him believe that he sees the same view, and the same state of things as existed in the days of the architects of this once holy fane." — Bateman's Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire.

Harold Gray 1902. The vallum is joined on the south-west by a slightly raised bank about 1½ foot.(45.7 cm.) high, and an almost imperceptible "silted-up" ditch, which run for some distance in a southerly direction, and about which there have been various theories. Some writers have connected this so-called "serpent", with Gib Hill [Map], a tumulus at a distance of 1,043 feet (318 m.¹) from the centre of Arbor Low (plate I.). Gib Hill [Map] was unsuccessfully dug into about 1812, and again by William Bateman in 1824², when a few stone implements appear to have been found. In January, 1848, Thomas Bateman made a more thorough examination of the mound, when he discovered a cist, the top stone of which was only 18 inches (45.7 m.) from the apex of the tumulus, containing a cremated interment in a small urn of Bronze Age type³.

Note 1. According to my tape measurement.

Note 2. Bateman's Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire, 31. [Map]

Note 3. Bateman's Ten Years' Digging 17-20

Gospel Hillock Barrow [Map]. Note the location of this barrow is uncertain.

Brushfield. On the same afternoon, we examined a mutilated barrow [Brushfield Barrow, location unknown] nearer Brushfield, called the "Gospel Hillock [Map]," perhaps from the first Christian Missionary having taken his stand thereon while exhorting the Saxons to forsake the worship of Woden and Thor; and we were much disappointed by finding nothing more than a few calcined bones and a fragment of pottery.

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries V17 1899 Feb 02: Gospel Hillock. About half a mile south-west of the village of King's Sterndale, a village 2½ miles east-south-east of Buxton, are two barrows about 140 yards apart known as 'Gospel Hillocks.' [Gospel Hillock Barrow [Map] and High Low Barrow [Map]] They are upon the slopes of High Cliff, a knoll on the high ground immediately south of the river Wye, and they have an elevation of between 1,000 and 1,100 feet above the sea. They are both marked on the 6 inches to 1 mile Ordnance Survey (1883). The largest, the one to the south-west [Map], is circular, and is almost demolished; the other, that to the north-east [Map], is oval, 30 feet by 21 feet and about 4 feet high, and it also has suffered somewhat, a portion of its summit having been removed many years ago to supply materials for repairing the neighbouring roads. This, the oval barrow, Messrs. Salt explored on 7th January, 1896.

Thomas Bateman 1846. Upon the 1st of April, 1847, a large tumulus [Map] [Gotham Barrow [Map]] near Ghotam was opened, rising about five feet above the natural level of the land, through which a cist was sunk into the rock to a further depth of four feet, and was filled in with stones of great magnitude, thus rendering the excavation extremely difficult, not to say dangerous.

This cist not being in the centre, probably corresponds to another of the same kind on the opposite side of the barrow, of which there are indications; want of time would not on this occasion allow of its investigation. The level in the middle of the tumulus appeared to have been covered with a large fire and upon it were found several teeth of a cow, two rude instruments of flint, and a piece of stag's horn, which has been cut by a saw of flint, or some such primitive instrument. After much labour the bottom of the cist was reached, at a depth of upwards of nine feet from the surface of the barrow, where, by the help of a candle, part of a human skeleton was obtained from beneath an immense stone which could not be removed; fortunately, the excavation exposed the upper extremity of the skeleton, about which the appendages are almost always deposited in the Celtic tumuli in this part of England, so that there is very little probability of anything having been overlooked. The articles in this case were of very meagre quality; in fact, two pieces of stag's horn, the one being a tine rudely broken off the stem, and the other consisting of two branches upon a piece of the horn neatly cut out of the entire antler.

Thomas Bateman 1845. On the same day, another small barrow [Note. Either Gratton Hill Barrow [Map] or Gratton Low Barrow [Map]] was opened which is situate upon a mountain called Gratton Hill, about half a mile from the preceding cairn. In the centre was found a cist cut in the rock, which contained a skeleton, accompanied by some fragments of a rudely-ornamented urn; on a rather higher level was a deposit of calcined human bones, amongst which were two arrow-heads of flint. Incidentally upon the floor of the cist were horses' teeth, the skull of a polecat, and an infinity of rats' bones. Near the surface of the barrow the remains of another human skeleton were found, which had been previously disturbed, and a small piece of brass, probably of much later date.

Thomas Bateman 1845. On the same day, another small barrow [Note. Either Gratton Hill Barrow [Map] or Gratton Low Barrow [Map]] was opened which is situate upon a mountain called Gratton Hill, about half a mile from the preceding cairn. In the centre was found a cist cut in the rock, which contained a skeleton, accompanied by some fragments of a rudely-ornamented urn; on a rather higher level was a deposit of calcined human bones, amongst which were two arrow-heads of flint. Incidentally upon the floor of the cist were horses' teeth, the skull of a polecat, and an infinity of rats' bones. Near the surface of the barrow the remains of another human skeleton were found, which had been previously disturbed, and a small piece of brass, probably of much later date.

Chelmorton. On the 20th of June we examined two barrows on a tract of high land, called Great Low [Map], between Hurdlow and Chelmorton:

he first had been removed almost to the surface of the land so that nothing was found but a small piece of Romano-British pottery. The other, called Nether Low [Map], originally a large barrow, but mutilated by stone getters, still covers an area 25 yards across, and is 4 feet high: it is composed exclusively of stone. Although we failed on this occasion to discover the primary interment we found remains of two individuals, one of whom had undergone cremation; and myriads of rats' bones, which were most abundant near some very large stones on the natural surface, about the centre of the mound.

Section I Tumuli 1843. On the afternoon of the same day, the remains of a large barrow, called Green Lowe [Map], in the same neighbourhood, were examined; all the upper part of this tumulus, which is of large extent, has been long removed, thus exposing to view the cist in the centre of its area; this cist, which is very large, is of the same kind of architecture as those existing at the large barrow at Minning Lowe [Map], and before described; the only difference being, that the one in question is divided into two compartments or vaults, by the introduction of a flat stone placed vertically across the middle; most of the component parts of this tumulus having been taken away as before stated, there was but little probability of discovering any relics, save by digging the soil and other debris out of the double vault, which was accordingly done with the following results: in one of the cists, at about eight inches from the surface, lay a human skeleton, much broken from its being so near the top, a piece of fine slatestone, which appeared to have served the purpose of a hone, and a few fragments of two urns, of a texture widely dissimilar, one being coarse and merely sun-dried, the other evidently baked in a kiln. In the other division of the cist, a few human teeth, a considerable quantity of animal bones, amongst which remains of the horse and dog were found, as well as rats' bones, which were plentifully distributed in both vaults; also a few pieces of the same kiln-baked urn which was discovered in the first cell; from which circumstance it is very certain that the interment had been taken out at the time the mound was removed.

Mouse Low. June 21st, opened a barrow between Deepdale and the village of Grindon, called Mouse Low [Map], fourteen yards diameter and not more than two feet high; the lower part composed of stiff clayey soil, plentifully interspersed with small pebbles; in the centre was a cist constructed of three large flat stones, the fourth side being left open; it was paved with very thin slabs of blue limestone, and contained the skeleton of a very large and strongly built man resting on his left side in the usual contracted posture, near whose head was a peculiarly elegant and well finished drinking cup, 8¼ inches high, inside of which were two implements cut from the ribs of a large animal (compare with those found with a similar interment at Green Low [Possibly Green Low Barrow [Map] but may be a different Green Low], in April, 1845, Vestiges page 60), a spear head, and two beautiful barbed arrows of white flint; outside the cup were two more arrows of the same kind. The skull is very large, and is remarkable from the presence of a frontal suture, although by no means that of a young man; the teeth are in fine preservation; and the skull is of the platy-cephalic variety, occasionally found amongst Celtic crania. In other parts of the mound numerous pieces of human bone, stag's horn, and a neat circular ended flint, were found. And as far as our trench extended, which would be about five yards, it exposed a row of large boulders of hard red grit, laid on the surface of the natural soil in a direction coincident with the longest side of the cist; the smaller limestones near these were almost turned to lime from the effect of heat, and were mixed with burnt bones and charcoal.

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries V15 1895. In its present condition it [Grin Low Barrow [Map]] is a circular mound of about 60 feet in diameter, with an irregular convex top. Messrs. Salt commenced digging on April 25th, 1894, and soon found, as occasionally has been observed before in this district, that a natural elevation of the carboniferous limestone rock had been utilized. The artificial portion of the barrow consisted originally of stone only, but with the lapse of time the interstices had become filled up with earth by natural causes. Instead of being simply thrown together the larger stones exhibited here and there a definite arrangement, being placed on end and leaning towards the centre of the mound, a mode of construction by no means uncommon in the Peak barrows. The accompanying section, taken from a drawing by Mr. William Salt, will make the construction quite clear.

Ancient Remains near Buxton: Barrows: Grin Low. The suffix low (A.S. hlæw, a small hill, heap, or mound), I need hardly say, is very common in this part of the country, and should always be understood as indicating a barrow, whether any traces remain or not; in fact, it is still used as a common name for such burial places. In a great number of instances the mound has so far disappeared, that all memory of it has vanished and its name has been transferred to the site: this is the case with Grinlow [Map]. The name is now applied to a hill of irregular shape, about three-quarters of a mile south-west of Buxton, and with an altitude of about 1440 feet above the sea level. The barrow upon its summit, however, has by no means disappeared ; but its nature was not suspected from the circum- stance that it has served as the foundation of a conspicuous castellated structure known as 'Solomon's Temple.' This 'temple' was an ornamental structure, built one severe winter about sixty years ago to afford occupation to the unemployed of Buxton. Being constructed of unmortared rubble, it gradually succumbed to the wind and became a mere heap of stones, which served as a convenient quarry for materials for the stone fences of the neighbourhood. When, several years ago, all remains of the 'temple' had gone, the contour of the more solid barrow was rendered visible.

Over Haddon. May 4th we partially excavated the remains of Grindlow [Map] proper, originally a large cairn 25 yards across, wholly composed of stones of all sizes, but now almost demolished: we were therefore unsuccessful in our search for interments, but found broken human bones, accompanied by those of the rat, in every direction. We also met with a broken lance head of flint, and part of the tusk of a wild boar.

Grindon. July 3rd, excavated a barrow upon Grindon Moor [Map], close to one much larger called Hurst Low [Map]. This one, though apparently of considerable elevation, promised an easy task, but, after cutting from the edge to the centre to the depth of six feet, through clay of various colours, intermixed with stones, until, in the middle of the tumulus, we came to a space filled with stones without any admixture whatever except charcoal, we gave up the search without finding more than half of the upper stone of a quern or hand-mill of grit. It is, however, possible that the interment may remain in some part of the barrow yet unexplored.

Grub Low. 13th of June we opened a small barrow, three feet high, and not more than ten yards across, called Grub Low [Map], situated between Grindon and Waterfall. It was mostly composed of the red earth of the neighbourhood, sparingly mixed with stones. In the middle were remains of two persons: one had been interred in the natural state, with the knees drawn up; the other had been reduced to ashes, which were distributed about the first, along with much charcoal; beneath the bones were two very neatly chipped leaf-shaped arrows of white flint, one of which had suffered much from the fire. The natural surface was much blackened with charcoal, and above the deposits fine gravel had been heaped almost to the summit of the barrow.

Hill Head. On the 5th of June, we opened a barrow [Hill Head Barrow [Map]] on the Hill Head, an eminence in the neighbourhood of the last. The mound is about twelve yards across, and presents the appearance of having been much reduced, the height being nowhere more than eighteen inches. The centre had been disturbed with the effect of displacing the skeletons of three or four persons and some calcined bones; the earth around did not appear to have been moved, as masses of rats' bones occupied their original level. Notwithstanding the unfavourable condition of the barrow, we collected 81 jet ornaments, composing a handsome necklace that had accompanied one of the skeletons, they comprise 53 cylindrical, and 11 flat beads, 12 conical studs, and five out of the six dividing plates requisite to form the decoration: the plates are plain, and the centre pair are perforated for eight beads to go between. It is likely that many more of the very small flat beads would have been found if the tumulus had not been before disturbed; those that were found being collected with much trouble from an area of many feet, instead of lying near the head of their owner.

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries V17 1899 Feb 02: Hill Head. In September, 1897, and the following February Messrs. Salt examined the remains of a small barrow on the north-east foot of Hill-Head [Hill Head Barrow [Map]], a hill 2½ miles south-east of Buxton. It is oval, about 25 feet by 15 feet, nowhere exceeding 18 inches in height, and appears to have consisted of earth and stones. The results of the excavations were very meagre, consisting of a few scattered burnt bones and one flint flake ; and I only mention the circumstance because the existence of this barrow had not been previously noted.

Section I Tumuli 1843. 12th of August 1843, was opened a large barrow, called Hawk's Lowe [Map] about two miles north-west of the village of Parwich [Map]. It is about thirty yards in diameter and five feet in height, and has been dug into several times by various persons. At the depth of a foot or eighteen inches from the surface of the mound, on the occasion in question, were found human bones, pieces of flint and urns, horses' teeth, and rats' bones, but no appearance of an undisturbed interment was to be seen. Lower down, in the interior of the barrow, every sign of its former contents disappeared, nor was anything farther discovered.

Monsal Dale. On the 16th of May, we examined the remains of a tumulus [Hay Dale Barrow [Map]] about fifteen yards diameter, in a field on the left hand side of the road from Ashford to Wardlow, about a mile beyond the public-house at the entrance of Monsal Dale. Owing to the land having been much ploughed, the height of the tumulus had been considerably reduced, not more than a foot of artificial material being left. Immediately on removing the turf many fragments of human bone, detached from several skeletons, appeared, and near the centre was a skeleton not so much disturbed, lying on some large rough limestones, and having near the head a small shattered vase, still preserving an upright position in decay - it is slightly moulded and ornamented with oblique punctures. On a portion of the lower jaw of this skeleton is an osseous excrescence, of the shape and size of a small bullet. The bones of an infant, and one or two small fiints were also found.

Monsal Dale. On the same afternoon, we began an examination of a large mutilated flat-topped barrow [Hay Top Barrow [Map]], twenty yards diameter and four feet high, on the summit of a hill called Hay Top, overlooking the manufacturing colony of Cressbrook. The mound is piled upon a naturally elevated rock, so as not to present more than two feet of accumulated material in the middle, where we began to dig, finding remains of many individuals, from infants to adults of large stature (an imperfect femur, broken off below the neck, measuring near nineteen inches), but all were in disorder except one skeleton, which appeared to lie on its left side in the centre; it was, however, so much surrounded by other bones as to be rather difficult to identify, and, from the same confusion, we cannot positively assign all the following articles to it, though there is scarcely a doubt that the flints and bone ornament were buried with it: - The objects referred to, are ten jet beads of the three common shapes, several flints, including three thick arrow points, and a curious bone ornament, with a hole for suspension round the neck, where it was found, not unlike a seal with a rectangular face. The skeleton, from the slenderness of the bones, was judged to be that of a female. We casually found pieces of two vessels, a polecat's skull, and many bones of the water-vole.

Ten Years' Digging 1853 Hob Hurst's House. On the 22nd of September, we opened a barrow near King Sterndale, called High Low [Map], which being situated in a rough plantation, was incapable of measurement; it did not appear, however, to have been very large even at first, and had evidently been reduced in size since. We excavated a good deal of the centre, which we found about three feet higher than the natural surface, upon which was a considerable quantity of charcoal, but found that the whole had been turned over and plundered, so that nothing but fragments were seen. From them it was clear that two interments had taken place in the mound, the traces of the most ancient being manifest in part of a large coarse urn, a calcined flint, and probably the charcoal; those of the more recent were the bones of an adult skeleton, which had been accompanied by a drinking-cup, and many broken bones of animals, including stags' horns, some of the latter having been tooled or sawed. Bones of the water rat were plentifully distributed amongst the stones in the more open part of the tumulus.

Another mound, in a field close by, had been so thoroughly destroyed that we did not think it worth the trouble of examination.

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries V17 1899 Feb 02: Gospel Hillock. About half a mile south-west of the village of King's Sterndale, a village 2½ miles east-south-east of Buxton, are two barrows about 140 yards apart known as 'Gospel Hillocks.' [Gospel Hillock Barrow [Map] and High Low Barrow [Map]] They are upon the slopes of High Cliff, a knoll on the high ground immediately south of the river Wye, and they have an elevation of between 1,000 and 1,100 feet above the sea. They are both marked on the 6 inches to 1 mile Ordnance Survey (1883). The largest, the one to the south-west [Map], is circular, and is almost demolished; the other, that to the north-east [Map], is oval, 30 feet by 21 feet and about 4 feet high, and it also has suffered somewhat, a portion of its summit having been removed many years ago to supply materials for repairing the neighbouring roads. This, the oval barrow, Messrs. Salt explored on 7th January, 1896.

Thomas Bateman 1845. On the 26th of June, 1845 was opened a small barrow [Map] [Hollington Barn Barrow [Map]] situate upon Hollington pasture near Tissington. Its appearance was deceptive, owing to its being raised upon a natural elevation, and gave every indication on the outside of having been never disturbed, but, on removing the turf, it became apparent that most of the artificial part of the mound had been removed, and that the natural soil came to within a few inches of the surface; this being the case, it was evident that very little could be expected; indeed nothing was found more than a few pieces of human bones, one small bit of an urn, and various chippings of flint, sufficient, however, to prove the original funereal intention of the structure.

Stakor Hill. On the 4th of September, we opened a barrow [Hollins Hill Barrow [Map]] on the summit of a very steep hill, called Hollings, overlooking the almost unapproachable village of Rollings Clough. The barrow, which appeared to have been previously excavated, as about twelve yards diameter and four feet high, with a concave centre like a basin. By cutting out a large hole, we found that it covered a grave cut in loose sandstone rock to the depth of two feet, in addition to the height of the mound; the grave measured about eight feet long by seven wide, and contained numerous pieces of calcined human bone, which had apparently been burnt at the south-east corner, where the sides were quite red from the effect of the fire. A piece of slate pencil, and an old-fashioned button, were fotmd near the surface, which proved that the mound had been so far disturbed, and the scattered way in which the burnt bones were disposed amongst the stones filling the grave, led us to think that the whole had been plundered.

Hurdlow. On the 21st of July we opened a small tumulus [Map] [Hurdlow Barrow [Map]] on a hill above the High Peak Railway, near Hurdlow, which had been cut through the centre, but the imperfect manner in which investigations of this kind were formerly executed, afforded a chance of our finding something. We discovered that the former excavators had removed one side of a small rectangular cist, which was placed a little to the side of their trench; its other sides were intact, and the earth inside did not seem to have been disturbed, yet we found nothing within but a horse's tooth, a bit of thin bronze, and a few imperfectly burnt bones.

Hurst Low. 21st of October, we made another attempt to find an interment in this barrow [Hurst Low Barrow [Map]], which was unsuccessfully opened on the 3rd of July. Having previously examined the middle by a trench from one side, we made a cutting through the opposite and hitherto undisturbed side, and on approaching the termination of the former diggings, found two large sandstones, foreign to the soil, one of which was about three feet square by one foot thick; the other was of a round form. Our section exhibited strata of variously coloured clay, whicli underneath the stones was greenish blue, unlike any other part. An arrow-head, and a rude instrument of yellow flint were picked up, but no interment was found, although we observed charcoal mingled with the clay.

Section I Tumuli 1793. In May, 1793, Major Booke opened a large barrow on a rising ground near Hopton, which is called Abbotts Lowe [Map], and is about 196 feet in circumference. At the depth of about five feet from the top of the barrow was a very large urn, about seventeen inches in diameter, which was placed in an excavation in the native soil, about eighteen inches deep. It contained a deposit of burned bones and ashes, and was broken to pieces in attempting to remove it.

Kenslow Barrow. February 1st we commenced re-opening the barrow [Map] [Kenslow Knoll Barrow 1 [Map]] upon Kenslow Knoll, which was formerly investigated by Mr. William Bateman, in 1821, when it appears that the primary interment was discovered, and besides it, some other relics which indicated that there might still remain additional deposits in that part of the barrow that was not then disturbed. By taking a wide trench through the middle of the barrow from the outer edge, it became apparent that its convexity had chiefly been preserved by a border of large limestones placed with great regularity on the surface of the natural soil. On clearing the area within them, many pieces of calcined flint and animal bones were picked up; also a splinter from a stone celt, a round piece of slaty sandstone which had been burnt, and a crescent-shaped ornament of bone having two perforations: the latter is precisely like one found at the prior opening, and gives the idea of a large canine tooth of a wolf split down the middle, being convex on one surface and level on the other, although in reality it is cut out of solid bone, and has been carefully polished all over.

Stakor Hill. On the morning of the 4th of July, we examined an artificial mound [Ladman Low Barrow [Map]] composed of sandstone, on the top of the hill behind Ladmanlow Wharf, near Buxton, and found it to cover a small excavation in the gritstone rock, which contained no interment, although bits of flint had been observed bom the first.

Blore. Lady Low [Map], near Blore, a bowl-shaped tumulus, 21 yards across and four feet high in the middle, was opened on the 2nd of July by carrying a trench six feet wide through the centre, without finding the interment, a few flints and some charcoal being the result of our labour.

Blore. On the 15th of September we opened a barrow called Lady Low [Map], near Blore, not far from that examined on the 2nd July [Note. The barrow on the 2nd of July is described as Lady Low?]. It is twenty yards across, and has a central elevation of three feet and a half, formed of compact earth, burnt red about the middle, below which the earth was ash-coloured and plentifully mixed with charcoal down to the natural surface, where the latter was so abundant as to form a layer in some places several inches thick. A deposit of calcined bones occupied the exact centre of the mound; they were raised a few inches from the floor, and were embedded in charcoal. Amongst them were an arrow-head of white flint, a bone pin, and some fragments of very thin bronze, all much burnt Higher up we discovered, by cutting with the spade, a small oval cavity, eight inches long by four wide, surrounded by charcoal, which was quite empty, but suggested the idea of a wooden or wicker vessel that had been partly consumed and covered with earth. A few instruments of flinty and some very minute and indeterminate pieces of bronze, were found at no great depth below the turf, in the centre of the barrow.

Lady Low. On the 13th of April we made a cutting in the south-east side of the tumulus, at Lady Low [Map], near Blore, first examined on the 2nd July, 1849, and discovered a heap of calcined bones buried in the earth, without any provision having been made to enclose them. In their midst lay a bronze dagger, of the usual shape as far as regards the blade, but having a shank or tang to fit into the handle, which was secured by a single peg passing through a hole in the former; the handle, where it overlaid the blade, was terminated by a straight end, and not by a crescent-shaped one as usual. The dagger had been burnt along with the body, furnishing the second instance of the kind, and the third in which that instrument has been discovered with calcined bones in our researches. We also made a further search in the other tumulus at Lady Low, where burnt bones were found on the 14th of September, 1849, but found nothing but two blocks of flint.

Lomberlow. The remainder of the day was occupied by another barrow on a rocky and elevated xidge in the neighbourhood, called Lomberlow [Map]. The mound, about 16 yards diameter, is crossed by a hedge and double stone wall, so tbat we could not dig out the middle, but we worked as near to it as practicable. It is composed of stones broken from the upper beds of the rocky masses around, mingled with soil just sufficient to fill the interstices, and stands upon a very uneven floor of rock, in a depression of which, enlarged by artificial means, a cist was erected of well-defined, rectangular form, composed of four massive stones, measuring inside three feet by two feet, and covered by three large stones laid across, two being of limestone, each a yard long by eighteen inches wide and six thick; the other, covering the joint, was a slab of sandstone, brought from the bed of the River Hamps, which flows through, and gives the name to the village of Waterhouses, about a mile from the barrow. The cist was south of the centre, and its covering stones not more than eighteen inches below the turf, though its floor was four feet; it was built with the longest diameter East and West, and was filled with earth, amongst which lay the skeleton of a full-grown young person, with the head to the West, and necessarily in an extremely contracted posture. At the shoulders we found a very good spear-head of mottled grey flint, and an uncertain instrument of white flint, very highly polished. Above the cist were numerous small pebbles, the leg-bone of a large dog, and a little charcoal.

Section I Tumuli 1825. The only barrow yet discovered in a low situation in the neighbourhood of Middleton is placed in a meadow called Larks Lowe [Map], and near the rivulet called the Bradford; this tumulus was opened on the 20th of May 1825 when the cist was found to be constructed of large flat stones placed edge-ways with similar ones serving for the cover; it contained the decayed fragments of a human skeleton. On the eastern side of the barrow was found an urn of coarse earthy full of calcined bones and dry mould, the top protected by a flat piece of lime-stone, upon which was placed a small, shallow, earthen vessel very firmly baked, (of the kind denominated by Sir Richard Hoare (age 66) "incense cups"), a pin of bronze, two and a quarter inches long; several animal teeth and bones, amongst them a horse's tooth, a circular pebble, and a stone of peculiar shape; the large urn was of so friable a nature, that it probably had no other baking than what it received in the funeral fire, from this cause it was found impracticable to preserve it entire. June 19, 1826, it was thought advisable to reopen the very interesting barrow [Map] on Garratt Piece, Middleton, which was opened by Dr. Pegge in 1788, and described in the Archæologia, vol. ix, page 189; in it were found animal bones, one of which was calcined; a portion of the lower branch of an antler of the red deer, six inches in length, which had been tooled at the root by a sharp instrument; also some rats' bones. (See a subsequent examination of this barrow.)

Middleton. On the 24th of October, we opened a large trench in the barrow [Larks Low Barrow [Map]] at Larkslow, near Middleton by Youlgrave, which was first examined by Mr. William Bateman, in 1825, when amongst other things were found a cinerary urn, containing burnt bones, and an "incense cup." It appeared by our excavation, that the centre of the barrow had been surrounded by large masses of chert, within which circle the interment had been deposited. We discovered the calcined bones which had been emptied out of the urn at the former opening, and a few pieces of an unburnt skeleton. From a very careful examination of the former, we find them to consist of the remains of a full-grown person, and an infant, with whom had been calcined a few small instruments of flint, a bone pin, and a tooth of some large animal. It is probable that the critical examination of all deposits of burnt bones would lead to much curious information respecting the statistics of suttee, and infanticide, both which abominations we are unwillingly compelled, by accumulated evidence to believe were practised in Pagan Britain.

Section I Tumuli 1843. June 17, 1843, was opened a barrow, called Lean Lowe [Map], situated on the summit of a hill near Hartington [Map]. The south side being most perfect it was deemed most prudent to commence the cutting on that side. Having penetrated to within about two feet from the middle of the mound, an interment was met with, which was probably not so early as the date of the original construction of the tumulus, as, instead of being placed upon the floor of the pile, as usual, it had been buried without care upon a higher level. The head lay between two large stones on the south-west side of the circle, and appeared to have been slightly protected by another stone lying across them. The legs lay in the direction of the interior of the barrow. This interment was devoid of any interest arising from the deposit of weapons or other articles, as nothing of the kind was discovered, more than two horse's teeth, and rats' bones in quantities. Owing to an erection of turf and stones, pertaining to the Ordnance Survey, which surmounted the top of the mound, it was found impracticable to explore the middle of it, which would probably have afforded far more interesting results. (See forward for further discoveries in this tumulus.)

Thomas Bateman 1846. The barrow at Lean Lowe [Map], opened on the 17th of June,, 1843, without any decisive results, was again excavated on the 23d of February 1847; when the operations were confined to the north side of the tumulus, a part previously unexplored. About eighteen inches beneath the surface was found a small urn of very coarse clay, neatly ornamented, deposited in a rude cist formed of four large stones; around the urn were many pieces of calcined bone, which did not appear ever to have been placed within it; on the contrary, it contained some splinters of animal bones, which were free from the action of fire, and a small knife of black flint. Laid upon the rock, about a foot deeper than the vase, was a human skeleton, in a contracted position and imbedded in rats' bones, but unaccompanied by any kind of relic. These bones were the remains of a young person, whose age probably did not exceed sixteen years, and whose teeth are beautifully regular.

Thomas Bateman 1845. On the 23d of December, 1845, a barrow, in the neighbourhood of Thorpe (called Lid Lowe [Map],) was opened by Mr. Price, of that village; it had been disturbed in the previous summer by some of the neighbouring villagers, who found three human skeletons, one of them of a female; all which they destroyed, with the exception of the jaws and teeth, which were distributed as great curiosities. The result of Mr. Price's labours was the discovery of the skeleton of a man, accompanied by the bones of a dog, and a small urn, of the usual coarse material, about four inches in diameter at the mouth. It would seem that this was the principal and earliest interment in the tumulus, as the skeleton and urn were inclosed in a cist formed of three upright stones, exactly in the centre of the barrow; the space within the cist was not more than three feet each way, consequently the body at the time of interment must have been placed in a sitting or contracted position. As is usual in the Derbyshire barrows, the bones of the deceased were mingled with those of the rat, and a few casual remains, unconnected with the preceding, were found in the progress of excavation; namely, a few teeth of a young person, one of an adult, and a horse's tooth. The tumulus appears to be of the form of the long barrows, described by Sir Richard Hoare as being generally unproductive of relics of any interest; its dimensions being twenty-four feet wide and thirty-six in length; in this respect it differs from the great proportion of the Derbyshire barrows, almost all of which are of the circular or bowl-shaped form.

Ten Years' Digging Appendix. Barrow Near Warslow, Opened By Mr. Herbert Manclarke.

On the 18th of April, 1850, a barrow at Brownlow [Brown Low Barrows [Map]], near Warslow, was opened in the presence of numerous spectators, by Mr. Manclarke. It consisted mostly of earth, and was examined by digging a pit down the middle to the depth of five feet, when the undisturbed soil appeared strewed with charcoal, mixed with burnt bones, from among which were taken two pieces of flint, wherewith the discovery terminated.

On the 27th of November, 1851, a barrow near Warslow, called Lid-Low [Lid Low Barrow [Map]], was opened by Sir John Harpur Crewe, Bart., and Sir Gardner Wilkinson, in which they found a skeleton, accompanied by a fine bronze dagger, 7½ inches long, with two rivets attached to it, and two others separate, all lying near the head, besides two well-formed spear-heads of flint, the largest of which measures 2¾ inches in length.

Thomas Bateman 1846. The other mound was of the kind familiarly known as the "Long Barrow [Map]" being of a lengthened oval form; it was on much less elevated ground, and nearer to the village than the former one; there was no cist, or other receptacle for a body to be found, but at one extremity, upon the surface of the natural soil, was laid a similar jaw-bone to the one just mentioned; on it was a rudely-chipped instrument of light coloured flint, and around it were a few rats' bones. These deposits seem to be of the same nature as that of a bulls head [Map] discovered on Ilam Moor on the 12th of July, 1845, and might possibly have been dictated by some superstition with which we are now entirely unacquainted.

Wetton. Longlow [Map], near Wetton, opened on the 22nd of July, being encompassed by mineral hillocks, much like barrows in form, had also been overlooked by us, but had been disturbed by miners digging in the centre to find a shaft, they having mistaken it for what is locally termed a "groove hillock," i.e., a mound composed of earth and stone accumulated by sinking mines for lead. Having ascertained that there was no interment remaining in that part of the barrow disturbed by the miners, we directed our search to the west side, where we found a skeleton wanting the head surrounded by rats' bones, which lay in a stratum of small stones and gravel, about two feet beneath the surface. The barrow was composed of loose stones to the depth of seven feet, amongst which were fragmentary bones both human and animal; but neither the primary interment nor the interesting nature of this tumulus were discovered on the present occasion.

Wetton. In the first week of April, we made a second effort to open the Longlow Barrow [Map], situated on a mineral vein that has been so extensively worked as to render the extent of the tumulus almost undistinguishable amidst the mine hillocks. Owing to this, we missed the centre, although the mound was excavated to the depth of seven feet at least. We nevertheless foumd parts of two human skulls, one of them infantile, together with bones of the usual animals, calcined flints of good form and workmanship, and the points of a bone spear, and pin.

Section I Tumuli 1832. In January 1832 a barrow was opened in a field called the "Long Roods," [Note. There are two Long Rood's Barrows: Long Roods Barrow 1 [Map] and Long Roods Barrow 2 [Map]. It isn't clear which is being referred to. The description 'about three hundred yards in front of the left flank of the military works on Fin Cop suggests the latter.] situated about three hundred yards in front of the left flank of the military works on Fin Cop, one mile north-west of Ashford-in-the-Water, on the road to Tideswell, in which two highly ornamental urns were found one broken to pieces, the other whole, and containing a deposit of calcined bones.

Amongst the debris of the barrow a third brass coin of Constantine, of the extremely common 'Gloria exercitus' type, was found.

Section I Tumuli 1832. In January 1832 a barrow was opened in a field called the "Long Roods," [Note. There are two Long Rood's Barrows: Long Roods Barrow 1 [Map] and Long Roods Barrow 2 [Map]. It isn't clear which is being referred to. The description 'about three hundred yards in front of the left flank of the military works on Fin Cop suggests the latter.] situated about three hundred yards in front of the left flank of the military works on Fin Cop, one mile north-west of Ashford-in-the-Water, on the road to Tideswell, in which two highly ornamental urns were found one broken to pieces, the other whole, and containing a deposit of calcined bones.

Amongst the debris of the barrow a third brass coin of Constantine, of the extremely common 'Gloria exercitus' type, was found.

Monsal Dale. On the 27th of June, we examined a low barrow [Longstone Edge Barrow [Map]], eighteen yards diameter, at the extreme point of the range of hills called Longstone Edge, in the direction of Wardlow. It was composed of earth and stone, heaped above a natural elevation, in the middle of which was a rock grave two feet deep, containing the remains of a full grown skeleton that had evidently been disturbed at no very remote period, and a small piece of urn.

Parwich. Next day we were engaged in opening barrows [Low Moor Barrow 1 [Map] and Low Moor Barrow 2 [Map]] upon Low Moor near Parwich. The first was, to all appearance, a large and perfect tumulus, but we were disappointed by finding the remains of a lime-kiln in the middle, which had been constructed above a large grave in the rock, the covering slabs of which had been converted into the roof of the draught hole of the kiln. After this discovery we abandoned the search, having found no human remains. The other barrow was much smaller, the central elevation being only a foot, it was, nevertheless, found to cover a grave sunk through the natural soil into the rock, to the further depth of six feet. About two feet from the surface we met with fragments of pottery, pieces of human bone, burnt and unburnt, and traces of decomposed wood which lay in a regular stratum amongst the stones by which the grave was filled. After much labour we succeeded in emptying the grave, which did not exhibit any marks of former opening, until about the end of our operations, when such became too evident on the discovery of the skeleton of an infant and some pieces of a roughly ornamented vase, carelessly thrown together in a corner; while, to make assurance doubly sure, at the other end of the grave was a piece of rusty iron, bearing a suspicious resemblance to the end of a pick, by no means primitive in form. The former opening must have taken place at an ancient, perhaps medieval, period, as the stones filling the grave were all of one colour from having lain in the damp so long, and were quite free from earth which might have fallen from the surface, so that we had no idea of its having been disturbed till we reached the bottom.

Parwich. Next day we were engaged in opening barrows [Low Moor Barrow 1 [Map] and Low Moor Barrow 2 [Map]] upon Low Moor near Parwich. The first was, to all appearance, a large and perfect tumulus, but we were disappointed by finding the remains of a lime-kiln in the middle, which had been constructed above a large grave in the rock, the covering slabs of which had been converted into the roof of the draught hole of the kiln. After this discovery we abandoned the search, having found no human remains. The other barrow was much smaller, the central elevation being only a foot, it was, nevertheless, found to cover a grave sunk through the natural soil into the rock, to the further depth of six feet. About two feet from the surface we met with fragments of pottery, pieces of human bone, burnt and unburnt, and traces of decomposed wood which lay in a regular stratum amongst the stones by which the grave was filled. After much labour we succeeded in emptying the grave, which did not exhibit any marks of former opening, until about the end of our operations, when such became too evident on the discovery of the skeleton of an infant and some pieces of a roughly ornamented vase, carelessly thrown together in a corner; while, to make assurance doubly sure, at the other end of the grave was a piece of rusty iron, bearing a suspicious resemblance to the end of a pick, by no means primitive in form. The former opening must have taken place at an ancient, perhaps medieval, period, as the stones filling the grave were all of one colour from having lain in the damp so long, and were quite free from earth which might have fallen from the surface, so that we had no idea of its having been disturbed till we reached the bottom.

Thomas Bateman 1845. About half a mile from the village of Sheldon are two large barrows, placed about three hundred yards distance from each other, both of which were opened on the 6th of May, 1845. On cutting into the first tumulus [Map], which was the one nearest the village, it was found to have been previously examined, no undisturbed deposit or interment having been met with. The following articles were found promiscuously mingled with the earth and stones in the interior of the tumulus: fragments of two urns, a few burnt bones and charcoal, a skeleton pretty nearly complete, a few bones of a young person, bones of rats, polecats, and other animals, and chippings of a coarse kind of flint, none of which were of any marked or characteristic shape.

Marlpit Lane Bowl Barrow [Map]. A bowl barrow located 20m south of Marlpit Lane on the north-east side of the crest of a low, broad ridge. It survives as an oval earthen mound up to 1m high with maximum dimensions of 48m by 35m. The monument is not known to have been excavated.

Marten Hill Bowl Barrow [Map]. A bowl barrow located on the flat top of Marten Hill immediately west of the minor road linking Blore with the A52 trunk road. It survives as an earthen oval mound up to 0.7m high with maximum dimensions of 18m by 15.5m. The monument is not known to have been excavated.

Winkhill. July 1st, examined the site of a barrow, near Winkhill, called Martin's Low [Map], which had been some time removed; where we found only a spear point of grey flint. We observed, as a rather remarkable circumstance, that, after making a hole to the depth of a foot, the earth appeared perfectly dry, notwithstanding the abundance of rain that had fallen; whilst, on sinking a little lower, the excavation suddenly filled with water, although the barrow is placed on the highest point of the land.

Youlgrave. On the 16th of November we opened a small barrow [Map] [Meadow Place Barrow [Map]] in a field on Meadow-place Farm, called Greenstor Meadow, close to the Conksbury road-side. The land having long been under tillage may account for the flatness of the barrow, and for the little success that attended our researches, which were rewarded by a few scattered articles only, there being no perfect interment found, although we detected remains of two human bodies, one of them calcined. There were also bones of rats, the tibia of a cow, a few instruments of flint, and a good specimen of a spear of the most primitive description, made from a large splinter of dense animal bone, nicely ground or rubbed to a point. It measures seven inches in length, and illustrates the account of Tacitus wherein he describes the more barbarous German hordes as using bone points to their weapons, owing to their ignorance of metal.

Thomas Bateman 1824. On the 28th of July, 1824, a search was instituted into a barrow [Map] situate on the most northerly, as well as the most elevated, point of Middleton Moor; it measures forty feet in diameter, and is about two feet in elevation. At an early stage of the operations, which commenced by cutting through the mound from north to south, human bones, intermixed with those of the water rat, and pieces of charcoal, were met with; towards the centre the rats' bones increased in quantity, and amongst them were several dogs' teeth. Arriving at the middle, the remains of two skeletons were disclosed to view; the whole in great confusion, and mostly in fragments, many quite black frm having undergone combustion; an iron lance, or arrow-head, three inches long; a piece of iron, resembling a nail; and a singular piece of calcined flint, very neatly chipped into a circular form. Numerous examples of this instrument having been discovered in subsequent researches, they will be here-after designated as flints of the circular form, in order to simplify the accounts as much as possible. No urn was discovered, nor from the perfect search that was made is it probable that any had ever been deposited in the barrow. The remains of one skull lay upon a round sandstone which was in a decomposed state and of a red colour apparently having been burnt. Notwithstanding the confused state in which the contents of this barrow were founds they certainly had not been previously subjected to antiquarian research.

Moneystones. There are two barrows in the valley adjoining a hill near Hartington called Casking Low, which are commonly called Moneystones. The largest [Map] [Moneystones Barrow 1 [Map]] has been nearly removed, for the sake of the limestone it contained, and has been further rifled by treasure-seekers allured by the attractive name. On this account our researches on the 15th of July proved unavailing, as we found nothing but fragments of human skeletons and bits of flint. The smaller barrow [Map] [Moneystones Barrow 2 [Map]] is in the same field, about one hundred yards from the other, measures about six yards across, and is surrounded by a circle of large limestones, whose grey and lichen-covered surfaces, rising above the turf, present a venerable and old-world appearance. Near the surface, about the centre, we found a skeleton having no implements. Somewhat lower down the earth at first sight appeared to be quite undisturbed; but on closer examination we detected particles of charcoal, and consequently proceeded till, at the depth of about a yard, we discovered two more skeletons, lying in the usual contracted posture upon the top of the natural rock. They were both much decayed, and had each but one spear head of flint, though they were surrounded by a slight sprinkling of chippings of the same material.

Moneystones. There are two barrows in the valley adjoining a hill near Hartington called Casking Low, which are commonly called Moneystones. The largest [Map] [Moneystones Barrow 1 [Map]] has been nearly removed, for the sake of the limestone it contained, and has been further rifled by treasure-seekers allured by the attractive name. On this account our researches on the 15th of July proved unavailing, as we found nothing but fragments of human skeletons and bits of flint. The smaller barrow [Map] [Moneystones Barrow 2 [Map]] is in the same field, about one hundred yards from the other, measures about six yards across, and is surrounded by a circle of large limestones, whose grey and lichen-covered surfaces, rising above the turf, present a venerable and old-world appearance. Near the surface, about the centre, we found a skeleton having no implements. Somewhat lower down the earth at first sight appeared to be quite undisturbed; but on closer examination we detected particles of charcoal, and consequently proceeded till, at the depth of about a yard, we discovered two more skeletons, lying in the usual contracted posture upon the top of the natural rock. They were both much decayed, and had each but one spear head of flint, though they were surrounded by a slight sprinkling of chippings of the same material.

Minninglow. On the 27th of July, excavating as near the centre of the earthy barrow [Map] [Rockhurst Barrow [Map]] as possible, we raised three or four ponderous flat stones, beneath which the earth exhibited a crystalized appearance, resulting from its having been tempered with liquid; cutting down through it we arrived at the natural surface at the depth of rather more than 4 feet, and found that the mound had been raised over the site of the funeral pile, as it remained when burnt out. The scattered human bones had not been collected, but lay strewed upon the earth accompanied by some good flints, part of a bone implement, and a bronze dagger of the most archaic form, having holes for thongs and no rivets, all of which had been burnt along with their owner. The dagger is singularly contorted by the heat, and affords the first instance of a weapon of bronze having been burnt, and the second in which we have found one associated with calcined bones, the first being at Moot Low [Map], in 1844 (Vestiges p. 51). But perhaps the most important conclusion to be drawn from the discovery is the corroboration of the opinion entertained in favour of the high antiquity of the cairns or stone barrows, and other megalithic remains of primitive industry, as we here find a mound containing an interment accompanied by weapons indicating a very remote period, and itself differing both in material and structure, occupying a position in relation to the cairn, which affords positive proof of its more recent origin.

Thomas Bateman 1846. On the 7th of December, 1846, a barrow was opened which is situate upon the extremity of a hill-side near Middleton, called Moot Lowe Bank [Map]. There were very slight appearances upon the surface of the ground of anything of the kind, in fact, the sepulchral nature of the place was accidentally discovered by a labourer engaged in quarrying stone in the hillside. On examining the surrounding rock, a false joint, about two feet wide, became apparent, which extended a distance of seven yards in an oblique direction up the side of the hill; this joint had been filled in with stones and soil, amongst which many bones of animals occurred, all of the same description as are usually found in tumuli; near the upper end of the joint was placed a human skeleton doubled up in the usual primitive manner, close to whose head were four or five cows' teeth. Nothing more than these appeared to have been deposited with the body, which was that of an adult male.

Thomas Bateman 1845. 02 Jun 1845. On the 2d of June, 1845, was opened a large and well-known barrow called Moot Lowe [Map], which is situate about half way between Alsop Moor and Dovedale; it is a large tumulus, about thirty yards in diameter, and about four feet in height, being perfectly level on the top, which is planted with large trees. On digging through the centre a large cist was discovered which was cut in the rock, having, on account of the dip of the strata, a sloping floor; at the west end of the cist and upon the lowest part of the slanting floor lay the skeleton of a middle-sized man, whose legs were drawn up; near his head lay a fine bronze celt of novel form; it was placed in a line with the body, with its edge upwards. The lower jaw of a small pig was also found close to the skeleton. At the other extremity of the cist, which was near five yards from the situation of the last-described interment, were found the skeleton either of a female or young person, and a few burnt bones, which had been disturbed and thrown together in a heap at some remote period, as the overlying soil was as firm aud solid as in any other part of the tumulus. During the progress of the excavation there occurred part of the antler of a deer, some horses' teeth, and their usual concomitant, rats' bones.

Mouse Low. June 21st, opened a barrow between Deepdale and the village of Grindon, called Mouse Low [Map], fourteen yards diameter and not more than two feet high; the lower part composed of stiff clayey soil, plentifully interspersed with small pebbles; in the centre was a cist constructed of three large flat stones, the fourth side being left open; it was paved with very thin slabs of blue limestone, and contained the skeleton of a very large and strongly built man resting on his left side in the usual contracted posture, near whose head was a peculiarly elegant and well finished drinking cup, 8¼ inches high, inside of which were two implements cut from the ribs of a large animal (compare with those found with a similar interment at Green Low [Possibly Green Low Barrow [Map] but may be a different Green Low], in April, 1845, Vestiges page 60), a spear head, and two beautiful barbed arrows of white flint; outside the cup were two more arrows of the same kind. The skull is very large, and is remarkable from the presence of a frontal suture, although by no means that of a young man; the teeth are in fine preservation; and the skull is of the platy-cephalic variety, occasionally found amongst Celtic crania. In other parts of the mound numerous pieces of human bone, stag's horn, and a neat circular ended flint, were found. And as far as our trench extended, which would be about five yards, it exposed a row of large boulders of hard red grit, laid on the surface of the natural soil in a direction coincident with the longest side of the cist; the smaller limestones near these were almost turned to lime from the effect of heat, and were mixed with burnt bones and charcoal.

Musden Hill. July 5th, began upon the first barrow on Musden Low [Map], near Calton, originally about twenty-seven yards diameter, but mutilated at one side. We made two excavations intersecting each other about the former centre of the mound, and reached the natural surface at the depth of about four feet from the summit, where lay a skeleton completely embedded in rats' bones. It is singular that this body, which had been buried in an entire state, had been partially blackened by the action of a fire kindled close by, for the purpose of burning another corpse, whose ashes were deposited near the same place; some of the rats' bones were charred in the same way, thus proving that a very long time had elapsed between the two interments, as the rats must have resorted for many generations to the place before any considerable quantity of their remains could have accumulated previous to their becoming blackened by the fire. Several pieces of fused lead had been gathered up with the deposit of burnt bones. Some pretty good instruments of calcined flint, and pieces of three urns, ranging apparently from the Celtic to the Romano-British period, were found in indeterminate positions.

Musden Third Barrow. On the 19th of May, we opened the third [Musden Third Barrow [Map]] of the group of barrows upon Musden Hill, which is a fine regularly shaped mound eighteen yards diameter, and five feet high, composed of nothing but stiff clayey earth. The natural soil was touched at the depth of four feet, and was changed to a red colour by fire, the traces of which, in the form of charcoal, strewed the surface for a considerable length. A round hole had been sunk about a foot through the upper stratuna of rock, near the centre of the barrow, which was filled with small stones and clay; a few burnt bones and some pieces of burnt flint, one of them part of a large instrument, were found about this part of the mound, but no interment was discovered although extensive trenches were made. There is little doubt of an interment by cremation being yet in some part of the barrow, which is one of the same class as those near Longnor, opened in 1848.

Lady Low. 20th of April, we reopened the third barrow [Musden Third Barrow [Map]] on Musdin Hill, examined on the 19th of May, 1849, by making a wide section through the middle. This time we cut a circular trench around our former excavation, and found some burnt bones near the surface, with a small piece of an urn and two flints. The upper part of the barrow was composed of diflerently coloured earth from the lower, in which we found no interment, although it showed no traces of having been disturbed by former digging.

Thomas Bateman 1846. On the 19th of September, 1846, was opened a small barrow [Map] [Note. Narrowdale Barrow [Map]] upon the summit of Narrow-dale Hill, near Alstonefield, Staffordshire. It was not more than eighteen inches higher than the surface of the hill; in the centre, inverted over a deposit of burnt bones, was a large unornamented urn, which rested upon a large stone level with the rock; a flint spear of primitive form was deposited along with the bones beneath the urn. The large stone being removed was found to be the cover of a cist cut down in the rock and filled with soil; on displacing which, another deposit of calcined bones, containing a small piece of burnt flint was found heaped up on the floor of the cist; at one comer of this vault stood a neatly-ornamented urn in perfect condition. On the Alstonefield side of the tnmulus a neat little cist was found; which was made of four flat limestones set on edge to form the sides, and a fifth to serve as a floor, on which lay a heap of burnt bones, which had originally been protected by an urn, now entirely disintegrated by atmospheric changes, its near proximity to the surface having subjected it to their influence. Amongst the heap of bones were a neat arrow-head of flint, a bone button or ornament perforated with three holes for attachment to the dress, and a piece of stag's horn; in this barrow were many rats' bones, and a few bones of a human skeleton which had not undergone combustion.

Blore. 2nd June, we opened a barrow [Net Low Barrow [Map]] near Blore, In a field called Nettles (Net Lows?) formed around a natural elevation, which is only slightly covered at the top; the entire diameter is 13 yards. On the S.W. side we found a cist, the outer side formed of a long stone placed on edge, the inner being walled from the surface to the bottom, which was paved with flat stones; the depth was 2 feet. On the floor was a deposit of calcined bones, and in a corner was a broken urn of red clay, containing a small vase, or "incense cup," in better preservation.

The large vase, originally about 9 inches high by 5 diameter, is of clay, plentifully mixed with sand and imperfectly baked, whence the surface is much disintegrated. It has been of good form and workmanship, having a deep border ornamented with diagonal lines disposed in triangles in alternate directions. The cup is of similar clay, 2½ inches high, 3 inches across the mouth, and quite plain. Nearer the edge, on the same side of the barrow, we found some remains of an unburnt skeleton, which had been previously disturbed, and not far from it were two articles indicating the interment to have been of late period; namely, the bottom of a kiln-baked vessel of blue clay, showing marks of having been turned on the potter's wheel, and a small iron ring 1¼ inch in diameter. Fragments of bone, burnt and unburnt, rats' bones, teeth of oxen, and pebbles were found throughout the cuttings.

Chelmorton. On the 20th of June we examined two barrows on a tract of high land, called Great Low [Map], between Hurdlow and Chelmorton:

he first had been removed almost to the surface of the land so that nothing was found but a small piece of Romano-British pottery. The other, called Nether Low [Map], originally a large barrow, but mutilated by stone getters, still covers an area 25 yards across, and is 4 feet high: it is composed exclusively of stone. Although we failed on this occasion to discover the primary interment we found remains of two individuals, one of whom had undergone cremation; and myriads of rats' bones, which were most abundant near some very large stones on the natural surface, about the centre of the mound.

Chelmorton. On the 5th of July we resumed the examination of the barrow at Nether Low [Map], and found at the west side about five yards from the centre, four interments, three of which were placed in angle of a shallow depression in the rock, of irregular form. The most important of these was the skeleton of a middle aged man, lying contracted in the western angle, having beneath the head, and in contact with the skull, a beautiful leaf-shaped dagger of white flint, 4½ inches long, with the narrower half curiously serrated. A few inches from this unique weapon, was a plain but neat spear head of white flint. In a joint of the rock at a right angle with this interment, was a slender skeleton, probably of a female in the prime of life, accompanied by a prism-shaped piece of white flint, a piece of hematite, a boar's tusk, and a large globular bead of jet; the last found close to the neck.

The third skeleton was that of a much younger subject, and lay on the rock a little nearer the centre; it was not provided with implements, but between it and the others was a single piece of a calcined human skull. They were all about 4 feet from the top of the barrow.

Another skeleton was discovered about two feet from the surface, in a cist covered by a large flat stone and constructed across the joint of rock occupied by the female skeleton; it was accompanied by stags' horns of large size, and an arrow point of grey flint; and appeared to be the body of a person 17 or 18 years old.

In another cutting, near the outside, we found the remains of an infant, and a very neat instrument of white flint of uncertain use.

Thomas Bateman 1845. On the afternoon of the same day, a barrow [Map] at New Inns was opened; it is situated upon a ridge of high ground immediately overlooking the secluded hamlet of Alsop-in-the-Dale [Map]. The centre of the tumulus being reached, the original interment was discovered lying upon the rocky floor, upon its left side, with the knees contracted, and the face towards the south, without being inclosed in any kind of cist or vault; close to the back of the head was a beautiful brass dagger of the usual form, but with smaller rivets than common, which the appearance of the surrounding mould denoted to have been buried in a wooden sheath; about the knees two small brass rivets were found entirely unconnected, and as on a strict scrutiny nothing else was discovered, it is most probable that they had riveted some article of perishable material, wood for instance which had so completely decayed as to leave no trace. In the course of this excavation were found part of another haman skeleton, some animal teeth, and two instruments of flint, which had all been previously disturbed.

Thomas Bateman 1845. On the 5th of July, 1845, a large barrow [Map] [Newton Grange Barrow [Map]], about nine feet in height and forty yards in diameter, was examined; it is situated in a field called Gorsey Close, at Newton Grange, near Tissington, and is a conspicuous object on the left hand side of the road from Buxton to Ashbourne. The tumulus was found to consist of a mass of solid earthy without any admixture of stones and in this respect it closely resembled one opened at Bassett Wood [Map] on the 26th of June. The excavation was continued without success until the surface of the natural soil appeared nothing being discovered, save a few bits of oxydized iron of indefinite form, which were picked up about a yard below the surface of the tumulus. Notwithstanding this discouraging termination to the day's labour, the curious and entirely novel manner in which the barrow was constructed repaid the trouble of opening it. To the height of about four feet from the bottom the soil was interspersed with alternate layers of moss and grass, both of which in a great measure retained their original colour and texture; the number of these alternations was twelve, and upon the lowest one, which was upon the undisturbed surface of the ground, were many pieces of wood, hazlesticks still retaining their glossy bark, fungi, and "mirabile dictu" beetles, whose elytræ still shone with the metallic lustre usual to these insects. The proofs of ancient occupation were also found upon this level; these were several rude instruments of flint, one small piece of a coarse urn, and several pieces of charcoal; the imperishability of which was, in this case, rivalled by substances of the most fragile and evanescent nature.

Section I Tumuli 1787. Towards the north-east end of Stanton Moor is a small Druid circle, inclosed with a vallum of earth and stones, not raised above two feet; within this at the west end was a little barrow [Map]; opened about the year 1787, by Mr. Rooke; this barrow was about six feet in diameter, and but slightly higher than the surrounding field. The Major here found three large urns of coarse clay, placed in a row, about eight inches from each other. They rested upon stones a little below the natural soil, within twelve or fourteen inches of the top of the barrow.

Seing so near the surface the heavy rains and the roots of fern and gorse which had so penetrated the urns, made it difficult to move them without their falling to pieces; in taking out of one of them the ashes and bones which it contained, the Major found at the bottom, a smaller urn, also full of burned bones, covered with a piece of clay of a circular form.

In 1799 Mr. White Watson, of Bakewell, procured several urns from tumuli, upon Stanton Moor, one of which with an incense cup found at the same place is here engraved. From the information of the person employed, it appears that three were frequently found in one barrow, arranged in a triangular form. Several other barrows were opened upon Stanton Moor by the Rev. Bache Thornhill, in which were discovered only such interments as had undergone cremation, and in most cases the ashes had been gathered together and placed within urns; the remains of three varieties of these vessels, with their contents, were presented by William Pole Thornhill, Esq., of Stanton, to the writer. Amongst the calcined bones were two pins, one of bone, the other of bronze, a few pieces of flint, and a large pebble with a vitrified surface resulting from the strong degree of heat to which in common with the other articles, it had been exposed.

Offerton Moor Barrow [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Offerton Moor Barrow 1 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Offerton Moor Barrow 2 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Offerton Moor Barrow 3 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Offerton Moor Barrow 4 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Offerton Moor Barrow 5 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Offerton Moor Barrow 6 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Offerton Moor Barrow 7 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Offerton Moor Barrow 8 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Offerton Moor Barrow 9 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Offerton Moor Barrow 10 [Map] is one of fourteen barrows that form the Offerton Moor.

Section I Tumuli 1825. Another barrow [Map], situated within a few yards of the Roman road, where it passes through the Oldham Farm [Map] at Middleton, yielded neither implements, human bones, nor rats' bones; only fragments of charcoal were noticed. (Fragments of coarse pottery have since been discovered in this tumulus.)

Section I Tumuli 1844. On the 30th of July, 1844, was re-examined a barrow [Map] upon the Oldham Farm, Middleton, which was unsuccessfully opened by Mr. William Bateman, on the 18th of May, 1825, nor was this second investigation much more interesting, as the barrow proved in most respects the same as the one on Ringham Lowe [Map], which is within half a mile of the one in question. There were the remains of a large fire visible in the centre of this mound, upon the level of the undisturbed soil, where were also some pieces of sandstone and some quartz pebbles, neither of which are to be found in the neighbourhood. The only articles of human origin were several pieces of kneaded clay, partially hardened by the fire, and a broken piece of coarse pottery of very hard texture.

Omaston Fields Bowl Barrow South [Map]. The monument is a bowl barrow located in the southern part of Osmaston Fields which is situated on the southern ridges of the Derbyshire Peak District. It includes a large sub-circular mound and also the surrounding construction ditch which is buried beneath accumulated soil. The mound measures 50m by 45m by c.4m high

Osmaston Fields Bowl Barrows [Map]. Two finely preserved Bronze Age Bowl Barrows located in a field around 50m from the road. The south- western barrow is a roughly circular mound measuring 27m by 26m and standing c.0.75m high. The north-eastern barrow is sub-circular and slightly smaller at 27m by 24m by c.0.6m high. Both barrows are of earth construction and have had their profiles gradually lowered by ploughing in the past.

Section I Tumuli 1844. In the afternoon of the same day was opened another barrow, situated upon Alsop Moor, in a field called Painstor [Map]; it is a long and irregularly-formed mound, in the centre of which a female skeleton in a very decayed state was found, uninclosed in any cist, and unaccompanied by any urn or ornaments. Incidentally were found in the interior of this tumulus several horse's teeth and two rude instruments of flint.

Pea Low Bowl Barrow [Map] is a very large barrow, possibly Chambered Tombs, at Alstonefield [Map]. Curiously difficult to see despite its size. It's original shape somewhat denuded by erosion. From the top there are extensive views north six or so miles including the whole of the Dove Valley. Footpaths make it accessible.

Historic England: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1009603.

The monument includes Pea Low barrow located on the crest of a ridge with higher ground to the northwest. It survives as an impressively large oval mound up to 3.5m high with maximum dimensions of 45.5m by 38m. A series of quarry pits measuring up to 20m diameter by 0.5m deep, and dug for construction of the mound, are visible on all sides except the south-east. The mound displays areas of disturbance, notably a stony hollow on it's southwestern side measuring 13m by 6m and 1.5m deep that is considered to have been the site of a former limekiln, and a shallow area of exposed rubble on the southeastern side that is the site of antiquarian investigations. These limited investigations revealed evidence of the barrow having been re-used during Roman times. Inhumations, cremations, faunal remains, flint, iron artefacts and Roman coins were all recovered during the course of these excavations. All fences and drystone walls are excluded from the scheduling. The ground beneath these features, however, is included.

Thomas Bateman 1846. On the same day was opened a small barrow [Map] [Pilsbury Farm Barrow [Map]] adjoining the river Manifold (also upon the Pilsbury Farm). It consists entirely of gravel collected from a neighbouring hill-side, and heaped upon the natural soil, on the level of which much charcoal occurred, evidently the ashes of a considerable fire. Nothing more than this indicating an artificial origin was discovered.

Thomas Bateman 1846. On the 30th of August a stony barrow [Map] [Pilsbury Hill Barrow [Map]] upon a hill near Pilsbury, in the parish of Hartington, was opened. The surface of the land upon which the barrow stands is rendered very uneven by irregular rocks which appear above the soil. Between two of these masses, in the centre of the mound, lay two interments, one of which had been disturbed; the other was in its original situation, and was accompanied by a heap of calcined human bones placed at the feet, besides which nothing else was found.

Another interment had taken place on the exterior of the original mound, which had been increased by the addition of a smaller tumulus covering these more recent remains, which consisted of the bones of a man laid at full length, who, from the circumstance of his having been possessed of an iron knife, which was placed near his left side, it is probable lived in times subsequent to the Roman conquest.

Arthur Jewitt 1811. Chelmorton Lowe lies about five miles to the south east of Buxton, and about two-and-a-half to the north east of it lies Presley or Priestcliffe Lowe [Map], on the top of a hill a good deal similar is appearance to that of Chelmorton. Like Chelmorton, this has also been opened for the sake of the stone of which it is composed, and like it, has been re-closed when human bodies were discovered. Indeed these depositories of the dead, are so similar in their formation, that a dcscription of one may almost be assumed as an account of all.

Stephen Glover 1831. It is very probable from the derivation of the names of many villages in this county ending in the syllable Low that they were sacred places in the time of the Druids and may be supposed to contain barrows not hitherto discovered. We may rely upon this conclusion with more certainty as barrows have been opened at Wardlow [Map] and Hurdlow [Map]. The Swarkstone Lows con sisted formerly of three very large mounds but one of them has been levelled by the plough and the other two remain in very great preservation. At this ancient pass a battle was undoubtedly fought although history makes no mention of such an occurrence. At the small village of Priestcliff is a low [Priestcliffe Low Barrow [Map]] situate on a lofty eminence surrounded by a deep valley and on this emi nence there is a singular well fed by a clear spring which is said never to fail. On the top of the Great Finn in the township of Taddington there are many ancient British remains.

Thomas Bateman 1846. On the 1st of September, 1846, was opened an apparently large barrow near Taddington, called Priestcliffe Lowe [Map]; on being dug into, the rock was found to extend almost to the surface of the barrow, and the light covering of soil and stones, to have been previously disturbed; nothing having been overlooked but a small piece of a very neatly-ornamented urn and a few burnt bones.

. Note the location of Ricklow Dale Barrow [Map] is somewhat speculative.

Ringham Low. On the same day we examined a low mound [Ricklow Dale Barrow [Map]] a short distance east from Ringham Low, in the direction of Ricklow Dale, measuring about 14 yards across. It was so much destroyed as to yield no remains, except two pieces of an extremely thick human skull, and the usual rats' bones; in fact, the whole mound had been removed to within a few inches of the natural surface, on which lay some flat stones.

Ringham Low. On the 26th of February, another section was made in the barrow near Kenslow, called Ringham Low [Map], which had been examined twice previously without much success. A few more pieces of Romano-British pottery like that found before, indicated that three urns had been interred in the mound, which consists entirely of earth, and is much like the small barrow at Minning-low, opened 20th July, 1849.

Llewellynn Jewitt 1870. The chambered tumulus, called the "Five Wells [Map]," near Taddington, of which an engraving is here given (fig. 64), has been a mound of large size, and the chambers and passages, or gallery, have been extensive. A plan of this tumulus is given in fig. 65. The "Five Wells [Map]" tumulus consists of two vaults or chambers, situated near the centre of a cairn (which is about thirty yards in diameter), each approached by a separate gallery or avenue, formed by large limestones standing edgeways, extending through the tumulus, respectively in a south-east and north-west direction. These chambers are marked B and G on the plan, G being the cist engraved on fig. 64. E E E are stones supposed to be the capstones thrown down. Another five-chambered tumulus in the same county is called Ringham-Low [Map], which has many interesting remains.

Minninglow. On the 27th of July, excavating as near the centre of the earthy barrow [Map] [Rockhurst Barrow [Map]] as possible, we raised three or four ponderous flat stones, beneath which the earth exhibited a crystalized appearance, resulting from its having been tempered with liquid; cutting down through it we arrived at the natural surface at the depth of rather more than 4 feet, and found that the mound had been raised over the site of the funeral pile, as it remained when burnt out. The scattered human bones had not been collected, but lay strewed upon the earth accompanied by some good flints, part of a bone implement, and a bronze dagger of the most archaic form, having holes for thongs and no rivets, all of which had been burnt along with their owner. The dagger is singularly contorted by the heat, and affords the first instance of a weapon of bronze having been burnt, and the second in which we have found one associated with calcined bones, the first being at Moot Low [Map], in 1844 (Vestiges p. 51). But perhaps the most important conclusion to be drawn from the discovery is the corroboration of the opinion entertained in favour of the high antiquity of the cairns or stone barrows, and other megalithic remains of primitive industry, as we here find a mound containing an interment accompanied by weapons indicating a very remote period, and itself differing both in material and structure, occupying a position in relation to the cairn, which affords positive proof of its more recent origin.

Minninglow. Walking over the smaller tumulus [Map] [Rockhurst Barrow [Map]] in Minninglow plantation, on the 20th of July, I observed, as a peculiarity before unnoticed, that it consists of two distinct barrows of different structure, or to speak more correctly, that a later barrow of earth has been cast up against the side of the original mound, which is a cairn entirely of stone surrounding a megalithic cist vaen (Vestiges p. 40).

Deepdale. Round Low [Map], near Deepdale, was partially investigated on the evenings of the 15th and 16th of June; one-half of the mound being under tillage, could not be explored. It is situated near one opened in 1846, and is of no great elevation, though about 30 yards across. In digging through the midst, we found a few scattered bones, some of which were calcined, a few instruments of flint, a piece of a fine urn, a few animal teeth, a piece of fused lead, and a number of pebbles and sandstone boulders not indigenous to the soil. The remaining half of the barrow has since been excavated without success.

Row Low Bowl Barrow [Map] survives as an oval earthen mound up to 2.5m high with maximum dimensions of 43m by 40m. There is a rectangular hollow measuring 2.5m by 2m and 0.2m deep indicating limited unrecorded investigation of the barrow's centre.

Rowsley. On the 8th of April, I went to Rowsley, to see an ancient burial ground [Rowsley Barrow [Map]], brought to light by the alterations required to convert an old farm-yard into a garden, the situation of which is in an angle of land at the confluence of the Wye and Derwent. The skeletons were found by digging trenches to bury stone from the old buildings, then being pulled down: they lay in tenacious earth, about 3 feet from the surface, with the heads to the north-west, extended at length on the back, with the arms straight by the sides as in modern burial, but without any trace either of wood or nails to indicate that they had been enclosed in coffins. I carefully examined a skeleton that was uncovered, in the presence of several gentlemen, and found its position to agree with that of those previously found, as described by the labourers.

There is a tradition in the neighbourhood that a chapel formerly stood on the spot, and that this was its graveyard; but I am unable to refer to any documentary or recorded confirmation of it, still it is most probably true; and the presence of a sandstone stoup or vessel for consecrated water, which had lain about the place from time immemorial, adds greatly to the credit of the tradition; this object (latterly used for feeding the cats), is something like a mortar, but of globular shape, 6 inches high by 8 diameter, ornamented by four projecting ribs, two of which are enlarged so as to form ears or handles; it may be of the Norman or early English period.

Minninglow. On the 13th of August we opened a barrow [Map] [Roystone Grange Barrow [Map]] at Ryestone Grange, close to Minninglow farm, which is a tolerably perfect mound, 11 yards across and near four feet high, but crossed by a thick stone wall which greatly impeded our operations, and which there is reason to believe prevented the discovery of the primary interment. At one side of the wall we found many bones, both human and animal; the only undisturbed skeleton being that of a ohild, buried about a foot from the surface and unaccompanied by anything of interest; among the animal bones were some teeth of dogs. On the other side of the wall we found an iron knife, of the usual Saxon shape, about a foot beneath the turf; and on the natural surface below, a deposit of calcined bones containing a bone pin. By undercutting the wall as far as practicable, we ascertained that the centre of the barrow was principally of earth surrounded by large stones inclining inwards, and from this locality we drew out a piece of curiously ornamented pottery of primitive manufacture.

Middleton-by-Youlgreave. On the 10th of November we commenced excavating a barrow in a plantation near Kenslow Wood, called Rusden Low [Map], where a skeleton was found by the planters in May 1828. Being situated on a natural rising of the land it had been quite overlooked till the previous day, when it was noticed whilst shooting. The first step was to cut as near the centre as possible, and the result was the discovery of a skeleton, lying on its left side, with the knees drawn up, in a slight depression in the rock which was very near the surface. The lower extremities were quite undisturbed, although the upper part of the body had been much injured at a former period, perhaps by the planters. In the course of the day we found the relics described below, none of which occupied any well-defined position in connection with the skeleton, though they were not far from it. It will be seen that they are of various ages, commencing with a neat spear point of flint burnt white, and a tine of stag's horn, found near the feet of the body; and a flint arrow near where the head should have been. Outside the depression in which the body lay was part of a very neatly made comb, composed of several pieces of bone rivetted between two strong ribs of the same with iron pins: it had been furnished with teeth on both sides, which were nearly all broken away. The blade of a clasp knife of iron, apparently very ancient, as it is completely oxydized through the substance of the metal; and a small brass coin of Constantius Chlorus, reverse Victoriae Laetae Princ Perp.; teeth of animals, and pieces of Romano-British pottery were found throughout the cutting, which, with the comb, knife, and coin have probably been deposited with a much later interment than that which we found.

Throwley. On the 16th of February we opened a barrow at Rushley [Map], near Throwley, twelve yards diameter, and two feet six inches high. We found no interment, but near the centre were fragments of bone, horses' teeth, burnt flint, and rats' bones.

We afterwards re-examined the mound [Throwley Moor Barrow [Map]] behind Throwley Moor House, where an urn and stone axe were found in 1849, but found it to consist almost entirely of natural rock, the inequalities having been smoothed over into barrow form by the addition of a little earth.

Parwich. On the 9th of August we made an examination of the remains of a tumulus [Map] [Saint's Hill Barrow [Map]] in a plantation on the summit of Saint's Hill, near Parwich, which had been destroyed by getting stone for the walls enclosing the plantation, when about 80 small brass coins of the later Roman Emperors were found scattered about the barrow.

Owing to the double destruction caused by stone getters, and persons tempted to search by the discovery of the coins, we were unable to find a single inch of undisturbed ground, and the sole evidence of former interments was afforded by two human teeth and some rats' bones.

Parwich. On the 6th of August we made a section into the smallest of two mounds, near Parwich, situated in a field, called, I believe, from the owner or occupier, Saint's Low [Map], in a low situation near a small watercourse. The composition of the mound, notwithstanding its affix of "Low," indicating no artificial origin, the investigation was relinquished without our interfering with the larger mound close by.

Sharp Lowe. On the 27th of March, was opened a low flat barrow, called Sharp Low [Map], situated on the summit of a hill to the left of the road to Dovedale, from the New Inns toll-bar. In no part did the elevation exceed 18 inches. In the first place, an excavation was made from the south side to the centre; it was then continued at right angles to the west; in each of these cuttings was found a skeleton; and in the middle of the barrow was a stone, beneath which lay the horn of a bull, accompanied by another bone. The body in the south trench, first discovered, was apparently that of a young person, and was laid upon its right side in a contracted position, without the least protection or accompaniment by cist or weapon. The other in the western cutting was equally unprotected, but was accompanied by an iron knife of the usual form, which lay at the left side of the skeleton, which, from the impression retained by the rust on the knife, must have been swathed in fine woollen cloth. It is worthy of remark that this body, although evidently interred at a comparatively late epoch, was laid on the left side in the contracted posture so uniformly observed by the earlier Celtic population. In illustration of this remark, it may be stated, that we do not remember having previously met with an instance of an interment of the iron period, otherwise than at full length; nor, on the other hand, have we seen any skeleton accompanied by relics of the earlier ages, fully extended. In the vicinity of the latter skeleton were a few animal bones, and two pieces of well baked earthenware; but the usual layer of rats' bones was absent.

Sheen. On the 17th of July we opened a barrow [Sheen Barrow [Map]], close to the road from Sheen to Holme End, measuring 28 yards diameter. It was lowered about four feet in 1837, and is now two feet high? constructed of sandstones and earth. Several trenches were cut, and at length a deposit of calcined bones was found on the natural surface, about ten yards from the south edge of the barrow. At a little distance were two arrow-points, and a circular-ended instrument of flint. A little further from the bones was a small piece of the edge of an urn. A great deal of charred wood was found upon the natural surface, about the south-east side.

Thomas Bateman 1845. The second barrow [Map], which was much lower than the former, was untouched by any previous seekers of antiquities; yet having cleared the superincumbent strata from the floor of the barrow, nothing was discovered to repay the labour, until, on a close examination of the rock which appeared above the surface of the ground a circular excavation was perceived about the centre of the barrow which contained a large urn the upper part of which is ornamented, inverted over a deposit of burnt human bones, which, when viewed through a hole in the urn, presented a pleasing sight, being quite free from soil, and beautifully variegated with tints of blue and purple, from the action of heat. The urn is about thirteen inches in diameter, and fitted exactly the excavation made to receive it. In this barrow, as in the preceding, large quantities of rats' bones and chippings of coarse flint or chert were found.

Section I Tumuli 1844. The 8th of May, 1844, was opened a barrow called Sliper Lowe [Map], upon Brassington Moor; this tumulus is about twelve yards in diameter, and not more than a foot in height, being probably much reduced by its being frequently tilled; which was made evident by the disturbed and shattered state of some human bones which lay just beneath the turf. On making sections through the mound from the four cardinal points, the remains of three human skeletons were found much disturbed; bones of various descriptions of animals, amongst them the skull of a polecat, same as those previously found at Bole Hill [Map], (July 30, 1843,) and rats' bones, a small fragment of a stone celt, five instruments of flint, and various chippings of the same. On arriving at the centre, a deposit of burnt bones was discovered, from amongst which were taken two arrow-heads, and two other instruments of flint. The surface upon which this interment lay was perceived to be soil, whilst the other parts of the barrow had a level floor of rock; this suggested the idea of a cist being cut in the rock, which on examination proved to be the case, as a circular cist was found to be sunk to the depth of two feet, on the floor of which lay the skeleton of a child, apparently about ten years of age, above this was deposited a drinking-cup of elegant form, and elaborately ornamented, and which when found was still in an upright position, as it had been originally placed. There were no traces of any ornaments having been buried with this juvenile Briton.

Taddington. On the 22nd of April, we opened a small barrow on elevated land near Taddington, called Slipper Low [Map], which was only about six yards diameter. It covered an irregularly shaped grave, cut in the rock, about eighteen inches deep containing an adult skeleton, extended on its back, with the head to the north-west. The bones were much decayed from the grave having been filled with tempered earth, which led us to conclude that the interment had taken place at a late period, although no implement whatever was found to indicate the era.

Smerrill. On the 13th of June, we opened the second barrow [Smerrill Barrow 1 [Map]] on the contrary side of the ravine, a mound about 9 yards across and 2 feet high, surrounded by an irregular circle of large limestones, and showing the grey surfaces of many others that jutted through its grassy covering. We began our cutting on the west side, and continued it to the centre, where, after much labour, we uncovered a large grave of irregular shape, sunk in the rock to the depth of 5 feet; its average dimensions were 8 feet by 6; it was filled with stones, and had upon its stony floor, a coating of stiff clay in which was embedded the skeleton of a tall young man, who lay On his left side with his knees drawn up, and the head in an easterly direction; owing to the wetness of the clay, the bones were in an advanced state of decomposition, having become of the consistency of cheese; the skull was narrowed and otherwise posthumously distorted by the pressure of the overlying mass; and the femur measured 19½ inches, the tibia 16. Behind the pelvis lay a very beautiful drinking cup, 8¾ inches high, the exterior entirely covered with ornament: it lay on its side upon an assemblage of implements, consisting of a bone netting rule or modelling tool, 12 inches long, made from the rib of a large animal (horse or cow), neatly rounded off at each end, and reduced to a regular breadth and thickness throughout; a dagger 4¾ inches long, a spear head 3 inches long, and four other instruments of flint, all whitened by the action of fire. The usual rats' bones were present in this undisturbed and interesting tumulus.

Smerrill. On the 3rd of June, we opened the first [Smerrill Barrow 2 [Map]] of three barrows upon Smerrill Moor, near Middleton-by-Youlgrave, situated on the edge of the hill forming one side of a rocky but waterless valley. It measured about 11 yards across by 3 feet in height, was composed of earth and stones, and exhibited signs of former disturbance in the external appearance of a large stone in the centre, that had been removed from the side of a cist, which we afterwards found to consist of two compartments. The first had been plundered, and its contents were re-interred in confusion: they comprised bones from no fewer than twelve skeletons, of ages varying from infancy to senility, intermixed with a few pieces of calcined bone, charred wood, rats' bones, potsherds, &c., including jaws of two foxes or dogs, and a good spear head of white flint.

The second compartment was made by three large limestones placed on edge, their upper part appearing above the surface of the mound. It contained the skeleton of a female of rather low stature, who had been placed on her left side with the knees drawn up, and the head towards the north-east; a plain flake and a knife of flint lay at the head, and the bones were embedded in earth that had acquired a dark colour, apparently from the decomposition of wood; particles of charcoal, rats' bones, and fragments of earthenware of two sorts, were also present. The skull is remarkably small, and elevated in its contour, the occipital bone being much flattened, possibly by artificial compression in youth; the teeth indicate an age not exceeding 18 or 20 years, and the long bones are slender in proportion to the length; the femur measures 16½ inches.

Stephen Glover 1831. Between Chelmorton and Buxton within about one mile of the latter near a hill called Staden low [Map] are the remains of some ancient earth works which Dr Stukeley has noticed in the second volume of his Itinerary. Since his time the ground has been enclosed and cultivated but sufficient vestiges may be distinguished to ascertain the form of these memorials of antiquity They consist of two divisions an ellipsis and an oblong square The former supposed by the Doctor to have been a place for shows is encompassed by a shallow ditch nearly a yard and a half wide and a mound or bank about one foot high and seven yards and a half broad the enclosed area measures forty five yards from south east to north west and sixty six from north east to south west The square division is bounded by a vallum now nearly levelled by the plough and ex tends in length forty five yards and in breadth twenty four A small semicircular cove of earth is mentioned by Stukeley as being at the side of the circle furthest from the square.

Thomas Bateman 1846. On the 26th of September was examined a small artificial mound near Buxton, called Staden Lowe [Map], in the immediate neighbourhood of which are some earthworks of early date. The "Lowe" did not present any appearance of having been applied to funereal purposes, as the name would indicate.

Hill Head. In the afternoon we opened another barrow [Staker Hill Barrow [Map]] to the west of the last, on Stakor Hill, which at first appeared nothing more than a natural ridge of rock, terminating with a rounded end rather higher than other parts; but on cutting down in the centre, it was found to be a barrow, and that it had been disturbed thereabout. A grave, about a yard deep, had been cut in the rock, and roughly walled round, and had contained at least two skeletons. By removing one of the wall stones, we found a small bronze awl, similar to several others in the collection at Lomberdale House [Map], which had been inserted into a wooden handle as a tool for piercing skins or leather. The grave extended to the north, where it was both deeper and undisturbed, as we found a third skeleton lying at the bottom, having under the head a thin instrument of white flint that had been intensely burnt, but destitute of any other accompaniment except animal bones, which were plentiful in both tumuli.

Thomas Bateman 1846. On the 20th of July, 1846, were opened two barrows, upon Stanshope Pasture, near Dovedale, Staffordshire. The first [Note. Probably Stanshope Barrow 1 [Map]] is of considerable magnitude, and appeared beautifully perfect, but, as is not unfrequently the case under similar circumstances, proved entirely deceptive. A natural elevation in this rocky neighbourhood having been taken advantage of in the construction of this barrow, and trimmed into form, consequently the greater part of it was solid rock, and the small portion of soil which had been added had been much disturbed at some prior excavation. In one situation in the interior of the barrow, the rock seemed to have been slightly cut, in order to form a cist, and here were found the only traces of interment that were met with; namely, a small piece of a coarse urn, some calcined human bones, and various pieces of flint, which had undergone the same process.

Stanshope. A singularly-constructed barrow [Possibly Stanshope Barrow 1 [Map]] on Stanshope Pasture, partially opened by us on the 20th July, 1846, was more carefully examined on the 1st, 4th, and 5th of June. The former excavations showed the mound to be almost all of natural rock, levelled and trimmed into a tumular shape. On the present occasion we succeeded in finding several interments, all of which had been deposited in clefts of the rock, in a way difficult to describe without reference to a plan, the clefts being quite natural, and running in different directions from the centre of the mound, which was altogether solid, except in these places, which had been successively occupied. The first contained two deposits of calcined bones; one, high up in the cleft, had been contained in an urn much broken, the other lay on the floor, which was partly burnt to lime, indicating, perhaps, that the corpse had been consumed on the spot.

Thomas Bateman 1846. The second barrow [Note. Probably Stanshope Barrow 2 [Map]] was at the distance of about five hundred yards from the foregoing, and had been entirely removed to the surface of the ground whereon it stood; on digging, however, in the centre, it was found to descend a few inches in a dish-like form, at which point a few pieces of human bone, the fragments of a skeleton, and some pieces of a small cup of Samian ware, probably of Romano-British manufacture, were found. Owing to the barrow having been taken away, these things were in a lamentably shattered condition, which is the more to be regretted, as this is the only instance of Samian ware being applied to a sepulchral purpose as yet brought to light in the counties of Derby or Stafford.

Stanshope. In a meadow by the road side between Stanshope and Dam Grate, are three tumuli, two of which are within thirty yards of each other: the third is at a greater distance from either. They are composed of different coloured earth, grey being the prevailing tint. That nearest Stanshope [Stanshope Barrow 3 [Map]] was first opened on the 16th of October, by cutting out a portion of the middle, five yards square, to the depth of three feet six inches, but without corresponding success, as nothing was found to indicate the nature of the mound but a sprinkling of charcoal. It is 28 yards diameter and three feet high, and in all probability contains calcined bones.

Stanshope. The second [Stanshope Barrow 4 [Map]] (about thirty yards from the first) is the same height, but about two yards less in diameter. It was opened on the afternoons of the 2nd and 5th of November, by digging a circular hole in the middle, and several trenches in the south and east sides, with but little more satisfactory results than in the former case. The charcoal was more abundant and we found a rudely formed spear-head and some chippings of flint, and near the surface some animal teeth and bones.

Stanshope. The third [Stanshope Barrow 5 [Map]] (nearest to Dam Gate) is neither so high nor so large as the others, as it measures only sixteen yards across. We made a section nineteen feet long by eight wide, from east to west, through the middle and found only a few particles of calcined bone, and numerous chippings of flint, two of which have been intended for instruments; one of the latter has been burnt.

Thomas Bateman 1846. In the early part of February, 1847, a small tumulus [Map] [Stanton Moor Barrow [Map]] was levelled by labourers cultivating waste land upon Stanton Moor. The barrow was of small size, mostly constructed of stone, and inclosed a small square cist of sandstones, which contained a small vase or urn imbedded in fine red sand. This urn was broken to pieces whilst being removed. The fragments present a new feature in style of ornament, the indentations being produced by means of the thumb nail, which was applied to the clay whilst in a soft state.

Alstonefield. Stimulated by the want of success attending former excavations, we determined to make one more effort to disclose the primary interment in the large barrow at Steep Low [Map]. To effect this purpose, two men were constantly employed for a fortnight at the end of September and beginning of October, to penetrate to the centre, which, to a certain extent, they succeeded in doing; but owing to the immense accumulation of stone, it was found impossible to clear a passage more than three feet wide at the natural surface, consequently affording but a very slight chance of our hitting upon so small an object as an interment in an area so large as that covered by the mound. Charcoal in profusion, and a few calcined bones were observed at the bottom - higher in the tumulus, amongst the large stones, was the skull of an ox - and on the natural soil we picked up a small brass coin of Tetricus the elder, which had probably slipped from near the top of the barrow, through the interstices of the stones, although it appears from the patina to have been some time buried deeper than those formerly discovered near the top. Close to the surface, beneath the foundation of a stone fence which had been built across the hill, the writer picked up an iron spear-head, which had doubtless been deposited with the remains disinterred in 1845 (Vestiges p. 76), but which being under the wall, not at that time taken down, escaped observation. We have since received an iron arrow-head, an article of great rarity in tumuli, that was picked up by a looker-on when we first opened the barrow; it is devoid of socket, though otherwise well-shaped, and must have been secured in a slit cut in the arrow.

Section I Tumuli 1830. About the year 1830 a barrow upon the East Moor, near Baslow, called Stone Lowe [Map], was accidentally opened by the farmer in whose stackyard it stood. In the centre he found two large urns, both neatly ornamented, and both containing calcined bones and flints. Inside one of them was a small incense cup, with two perforations through one side. This being fortunately preserved, we are enabled to give a cut of it.

Waterhouses. On the 7th of April, we opened a barrow [Stonesteads Barrow [Map]] in a field called Stonesteads, a quarter of a mile from the village of Waterhouses, measuring 17 yards across, composed of earth, limestones, and boulders. Slightly South-East from the centre of the barrow, upon a pavement of thin flat stones raised 6 inches above the natural level of the land, lay the skeleton of a tall and strongly-built man, apparently beyond the middle period of life, who had been placed in the common flexed posture, with the head towards the outside of the tumulus. Near his feet was the tusk of a large boar, rubbed down on the inner surface to abput half the natural thickness, near the shoulders were two instruments of burnt flint, one round ended, the other, part of a neat arrow-point; and a section about half-an-inch long, cut from a large rib, and neatly dressed round the edge of the cut surfaces. On the floor of the barrow were indications of fire, and a few pieces of calcined bone, which render it probable that there had been a more ancient interment in the barrow, which was about eighteen inches in central elevation.

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries 1896 Dec 17 Stoop High Edge. In September, 1894, the Messrs. Salt made a series of excavations in a ruined round barrow [Stoop High Edge Barrow [Map]], of some 60 feet in diameter, upon this hill. Its outline was most noticeable on the south-west side, where several rows of large limestones, standing on end and inclining inwards, still remained ; the relics, undoubtedly, of a once continuous revetment or podium, behind which were piled up the loose materials (weathered limestones from the moor around) of the cairn. As frequently has happened in this district, the bulk of both cairn and its enclosing circle had been removed for the sake of the stone, and by this means some protruding rocks, around which the barrow had been reared up, had been exposed. The diggings of Messrs. Salt proved that the recesses between these rocks had been used as shallow graves. The interments, which I will describe in the order of discovery, were about one foot deep, upon the natural surface, and simply covered up with loose stones. All the human remains were much decayed and more or less disturbed, so that the skeletons on the accompanying plan, which is taken from Mr. W. H. Salt's notes, must be regarded as indicating their original, and not their actual condition as found.

Thomas Bateman 1845. On the 30th of May 1845 a small barrow [Map], merely called the Lowe [Map], its prenomen being lost, was opened. It is situated upon a rocky ridge of land which overlooks the valley of Alsop-in-the-Dale, and is in the immediate vicinity of a previously-opened tumulus (12th of August, 1844), and had been previously ovooked on account of its very slight elevation, which in no part was more than one foot above the natural surface. In the centre was found a small cist, or round hole, about a foot deep, which was artificially sunk in the rock; it contained a small quantity of calcined bones, which probably constituted the original deposit in this barrow. A little more towards the south side of the tumulus was extended at foil length a human skeleton, which lay upon its back, with the head towards the west, with which the following articles were found: close to the left side of the pelvis lay the iron umbo of a shield, a little higher up the body was a broad-headed iron rivet, which, from the appearance it presented, had evidently been riveted through a piece of wood, covered with a thin plate of brass or bronze; near the neck was a thin flat piece of iron; all these articles were most likely component parts of the shield, and had been distributed by the action of the plough when the land was taken into cultivation. The most extraordinary circumstance connected with this interment was, that in the left hand of the skeleton there remained a common round quartz pebble, which, from the position of the finger-bones, it was clear had been placed within the hand at the time of burial; pebbles of this description are very frequently found in barrows, but very seldom in a definite position as in this instance.

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries V15 1895. Thirkel-low Frith [Map] is a hill of about the same altitude as Grinlow, three miles south of Buxton. The barrow on its summit, which Messrs. Salt opened on May 8th, 1894, is about 55 feet in diameter, and is constructed of broken limestone thrown together without any apparent order. Very much of the central portion was carted away for the sake of the stone in 1840. By removing more stone from this area, Messrs. Salt soon discovered human bones extremely decayed, but sufficiently perfect, nevertheless, to make it evident that the skeleton Jay on its right side in the usual flexed posture, with the head to the east. It appeared to be quite unprotected, lying upon a sloping shelf of rock. The massive mastoid processes of the skull, and the prominent linea aspera of the femurs, indicated a powerfully built person.

A little to the north of this interment were the remains of a child, so scattered that it was quite impossible to determine the original posture. Near where the head lay, however, were a small plain blue glass bead, several teeth of the dog, the lower jaw of some animal, and some fragments of coarse hand-made black pottery. These were of ordinary ancient British character, and belonged to a small plain vessel of the ' food vase' form.

Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries 1896 Dec 17 Thirkel Low. On July 18th, 1895, the Messrs. Salt and myself excavated a round barrow, 42 feet in diameter, upon this hill [Thirkel Low Round Barrow [Map]]. It was of considerable interest, for the construction of both the mound and the receptacle of its primary interment admitted of full and easy determination. As in the preceding barrow, part of its edge, that from east to south-west, was well defined by large stones set on end and inclining inwards. These were obviously the remnants of a former podium consisting of such stones in actual contact with one another ; but the mound did not appear to have ever been completely surrounded by the stones, for its north and north-west portions consisted mainly of rock, the outer face of which continued the circle. Within this podium, weathered limestones from the surrounding waste had been piled up without any order whatever. At the time of our excavation, the surface, in spite of its many irregularities, presented a general slight convexity, which probably approximated to its original form and height a shallow truncated cone with slightly domed top, the podium forming the shoulder. The preliminary investigation showed that the mound had not been much disturbed. A Mr. Webster made several slight excavations in 1894, and Mr. Salt a shallow trench (A on the accompanying plan and section from my notes on the spot) ; both found a few scattered bones.

Stanton. On the same day we opened two more barrows in land near Stanton, called Thor's Wood [Probably Thor's Wood Barrow [Map]], or Back-of-the-Low. The first was 14 yards across, and two feet high, wholly composed of earth intermixed with charcoal and flakes of flint. No interment was discovered by two cuttings which crossed each other in the centre of the tumulus.

The second barrow, about a hundred yards from the last, appeared to have been disturbed before. It is about 28 yards diameter and of considerable elevation, not however wholly artificial, a protruding rock having been rendered available as a nucleus by the mound builders, who added flat stones and clayey earth to complete the tumulus. Beneath many of the stones that happened to lie hollow, we observed a limey efflorescence, amongst which were innumerable snail-shells, both certain indications of the great antiquity of the mound. The natural level was found at rather more than three feet below the turf, with no better result than the discovery of one human tooth, and a few bits of bone.

Cotton. October 13th, we opened a barrow at Three Lows [Either Three Lows Barrow 1 [Map] or Three Lows Barrow 2 [Map]?], between Cotton and Ramshom, which is a flat mound, sixteen yards across. We first removed a large space in the centre, where it was much intermixed with stone. At the natural level was a layer of grey earth a few inches thick, so compact as not to be penetrable by the spade, which was succeeded by soft red earth, covering a pavement of flat stones, where we found a small piece of fused lead. Proceeding northward, we perceived the stratum of grey earth to be broken up and mixed with charcoal, and found a good instrument of flint. Abandoning the north side, we excavated towards the south, and shortly discovered an interment of calcined bones, spread upon a layer of charcoal; they contained a spear-point of calcined flint, and two arrow-heads of the same material, unburnt.

Wetton. On the 8th of December we reopened the smaller of the barrows at Three Lows [Either Three Lows Barrow 1 [Map] or Three Lows Barrow 2 [Map]?], which was examined without any decisive result, in the summer of 1848. We now discovered two interments in it, the principal being deposited in a cist made of four thin stones in the centre, close to where the former cutting was discontinued. Its dimensions were twenty inches long, seventeen wide, and twenty deep. It contained a deposit of calcined bones, with which were two neat pointed instruments of flint, a bone pin, and part of a small vase of dark-coloured clay, 3¾ inches diameter, with a broad border two inches deep, very carefully ornamented: all these, including the vase, had passed through the fire - that, probably, which had consumed the dead; and it was owing to this that the whole of the vase was not to be found. South from the cist was the skeleton of an aged person, lying within a foot of the surface, surrounded and covered with stones, the head pointing north-west. Nothing was found with it. Outside the cist we observed two pieces of pottery and two flints. The mound was composed of earth, sprinkled with charcoal in all parts except where the interments had been laid.

Wetton. The largest barrow at Three Lows [Either Three Lows Barrow 1 [Map] or Three Lows Barrow 2 [Map]?], near Wetton, opened, as far as the central part is concerned, on the 7th of June, 1845, was now fully investigated on the evenings of the 4th, 10th, 12th, and 13th of June, by a trench cut round the former excavation, so as to expose a considerable space between it and the outside of the mound. We began at the west side, and found, first, an imperfect armlet of thick bronze wire; next, a noble pair of red deer's horns, with part of the skull attached to one of them, and having with them a neat arrow-head of flint. Proceeding onward, we found many pieces of a large urn, with the burnt bones it had contained; and on the 13th we discovered the place where it had been first placed, part of the bottom still remaining in situ. Amongst earth blackened by the admixture of ashes, here were found a very neat barbed arrow-head, and a remarkably fine spear-head or dagger of flint, upwards of five inches long, without the point, which is missing. The latter has been so much calcined as to present a dark-coloured vitrified surface, exhibiting numberless cracks precisely similar to Cracklin porcelain; where broken, it shows a white interior. We had before found two calcined flint spear-heads of smaller size, and a round instrument which may also have been originally deposited with tlie burnt bones. Fragments of many urns, some tastefully ornamented, burnt and unburnt haman bones, large pieces of stags' horns, and flakes of flint, were found in all parts of tbe mound, but most plentifully on the south and west sides. The unusual number of stags' horns of the largest size found in this barrow on both occasions is very remarkable. They indicate the hunter-life of its occupants, naturally resulting from the fiudlity with which a regular supply of large game could be obtained before the country was to any great extent brought under cultivation.

Lady Low. The next barrow is situated in a plantation between Ramshom and Cotton, near one opened in a field called Three Lows [Either Three Lows Barrow 1 [Map] or Three Lows Barrow 2 [Map]], on the 30th of October, 1849 [Note. A mistake for 13 Oct 1849?]. The present barrow measures 22 yards in diameter, and is about 18 inches high in the middle, but is encircled by a more elevated ring, varying firom 3 to 6 feet in height. On the natural level, in the centre, were a few burnt bones, with charcoal; and beneath the south-east segment of tiie ring were more calcined bones and charcoal. Only one small piece of flint was found. The mound was composed of earth and stones, the latter forming a kind of pavement.

Sheen. On the 11th of July we examined a third barrow, at Three Lows, Wetton [Three Lows Barrow 1 [Map], Three Lows Barrow 2 [Map] or Three Lows Barrow 3 [Map]], in a line with the two previously opened. It is a large shallow mound, and yielded nothing but charcoal, although several trenches were made in it.

Cotton. October 13th, we opened a barrow at Three Lows [Either Three Lows Barrow 1 [Map] or Three Lows Barrow 2 [Map]?], between Cotton and Ramshom, which is a flat mound, sixteen yards across. We first removed a large space in the centre, where it was much intermixed with stone. At the natural level was a layer of grey earth a few inches thick, so compact as not to be penetrable by the spade, which was succeeded by soft red earth, covering a pavement of flat stones, where we found a small piece of fused lead. Proceeding northward, we perceived the stratum of grey earth to be broken up and mixed with charcoal, and found a good instrument of flint. Abandoning the north side, we excavated towards the south, and shortly discovered an interment of calcined bones, spread upon a layer of charcoal; they contained a spear-point of calcined flint, and two arrow-heads of the same material, unburnt.

Wetton. On the 8th of December we reopened the smaller of the barrows at Three Lows [Either Three Lows Barrow 1 [Map] or Three Lows Barrow 2 [Map]?], which was examined without any decisive result, in the summer of 1848. We now discovered two interments in it, the principal being deposited in a cist made of four thin stones in the centre, close to where the former cutting was discontinued. Its dimensions were twenty inches long, seventeen wide, and twenty deep. It contained a deposit of calcined bones, with which were two neat pointed instruments of flint, a bone pin, and part of a small vase of dark-coloured clay, 3¾ inches diameter, with a broad border two inches deep, very carefully ornamented: all these, including the vase, had passed through the fire - that, probably, which had consumed the dead; and it was owing to this that the whole of the vase was not to be found. South from the cist was the skeleton of an aged person, lying within a foot of the surface, surrounded and covered with stones, the head pointing north-west. Nothing was found with it. Outside the cist we observed two pieces of pottery and two flints. The mound was composed of earth, sprinkled with charcoal in all parts except where the interments had been laid.

Wetton. The largest barrow at Three Lows [Either Three Lows Barrow 1 [Map] or Three Lows Barrow 2 [Map]?], near Wetton, opened, as far as the central part is concerned, on the 7th of June, 1845, was now fully investigated on the evenings of the 4th, 10th, 12th, and 13th of June, by a trench cut round the former excavation, so as to expose a considerable space between it and the outside of the mound. We began at the west side, and found, first, an imperfect armlet of thick bronze wire; next, a noble pair of red deer's horns, with part of the skull attached to one of them, and having with them a neat arrow-head of flint. Proceeding onward, we found many pieces of a large urn, with the burnt bones it had contained; and on the 13th we discovered the place where it had been first placed, part of the bottom still remaining in situ. Amongst earth blackened by the admixture of ashes, here were found a very neat barbed arrow-head, and a remarkably fine spear-head or dagger of flint, upwards of five inches long, without the point, which is missing. The latter has been so much calcined as to present a dark-coloured vitrified surface, exhibiting numberless cracks precisely similar to Cracklin porcelain; where broken, it shows a white interior. We had before found two calcined flint spear-heads of smaller size, and a round instrument which may also have been originally deposited with tlie burnt bones. Fragments of many urns, some tastefully ornamented, burnt and unburnt haman bones, large pieces of stags' horns, and flakes of flint, were found in all parts of tbe mound, but most plentifully on the south and west sides. The unusual number of stags' horns of the largest size found in this barrow on both occasions is very remarkable. They indicate the hunter-life of its occupants, naturally resulting from the fiudlity with which a regular supply of large game could be obtained before the country was to any great extent brought under cultivation.

Lady Low. The next barrow is situated in a plantation between Ramshom and Cotton, near one opened in a field called Three Lows [Either Three Lows Barrow 1 [Map] or Three Lows Barrow 2 [Map]], on the 30th of October, 1849 [Note. A mistake for 13 Oct 1849?]. The present barrow measures 22 yards in diameter, and is about 18 inches high in the middle, but is encircled by a more elevated ring, varying firom 3 to 6 feet in height. On the natural level, in the centre, were a few burnt bones, with charcoal; and beneath the south-east segment of tiie ring were more calcined bones and charcoal. Only one small piece of flint was found. The mound was composed of earth and stones, the latter forming a kind of pavement.

Sheen. On the 11th of July we examined a third barrow, at Three Lows, Wetton [Three Lows Barrow 1 [Map], Three Lows Barrow 2 [Map] or Three Lows Barrow 3 [Map]], in a line with the two previously opened. It is a large shallow mound, and yielded nothing but charcoal, although several trenches were made in it.

Sheen. On the 11th of July we examined a third barrow, at Three Lows, Wetton [Three Lows Barrow 1 [Map], Three Lows Barrow 2 [Map] or Three Lows Barrow 3 [Map]], in a line with the two previously opened. It is a large shallow mound, and yielded nothing but charcoal, although several trenches were made in it.

Throwley. On the 16th of February we opened a barrow at Rushley [Map], near Throwley, twelve yards diameter, and two feet six inches high. We found no interment, but near the centre were fragments of bone, horses' teeth, burnt flint, and rats' bones.

We afterwards re-examined the mound [Throwley Moor Barrow [Map]] behind Throwley Moor House, where an urn and stone axe were found in 1849, but found it to consist almost entirely of natural rock, the inequalities having been smoothed over into barrow form by the addition of a little earth.

Tinker's Inn North Bowl Barrow [Map]. Tinker's Inn bowl barrow, north is a roughly circular earthen barrow situated on the southern ridges of the Derbyshire Peak District. The monument includes a mound measuring 40m by 38m by c.1m high and part of the surrounding construction ditch which is buried beneath accumulated soil. On the north side, the barrow and its ditch have been partially destroyed by agricultural activity. The earth from this side has been dumped on the barrow, giving it a slightly flattened appearance which is probably not original. Access is somewhat difficult; there is a road to the Ark Ashbourne Animal Welfare Centre which doesn't appear to encourage visitors; perhaps a phone call in advance? Or perhaps phone the farm on which the barrow is located which is at the end of the lance that passes Tinker's Inn South Bowl Barrow [Map].

Tinker's Inn South Bowl Barrow [Map]. Tinker's Inn bowl barrow, south is a sub-circular earthen barrow situated on the southern ridges of the Derbyshire Peak District. The monument includes a mound measuring 42m by 33m by c.2m high and the surrounding construction ditch which is buried beneath accumulated soil. The barrow has been degraded by ploughing and would formerly have been somewhat larger and possibly more uniformly circular.

Swinscoe aka Top Low Barrow. The 5th and 12th of May were spent in opening an elliptical or "Long Barrow," near Swinscoe, called Top Low [Map], measuring about 15 yards long by 7 wide. From the section made in the course of our researches, it appears probable that it was originally constructed of the common circular shape, and that it had been lengthened by the accumulation of earth heaped over numerous interments that had taken place from time to time, as the mound was full of human bodies. This being the case, to avoid confusion, we will narrate the discoveries in the order in which they occurred, and refer to the Plan where each deposit is numbered so as to correspond with the description.

Vincent Knoll. On the 28th of June, we opened a barrow [Upper Edge Barrow [Map]] on the "Upper Edge," near Sterndale, the top of which was of stone, and the lower part entirely of earth. About the centre were many pieces of charcoal, extending from a little below the turf, to the natural surface, a depth of about three feet. Amongst the charcoal were numerous pieces of calcined bone, and a few bits of flint; and from the appearance of the earth in the vicinity of the charcoal, it was judged that the process of combustion had taken place upon the spot.

Section I Tumuli 1759. Near Wardlow, a barrow [Map] [Wardlow Barrow 1 [Map]] was examined, in the year 1759, by the Rev. Mr. Evat, of Ashford. There were discovered in it about seventeen human bodies. These appeared to have been laid upon the surface of the ground, on long flat stones. They were inclosed by two side-walls, and the head and breast of each were protected from the incumbent weight of stone by a flat one laid over that part of the top. Two bodies near the middle of the barrow were walled up, and covered from head to foot, in the form of a long chest, with a stone cover to each. Jaw-bones, teeth, &c., were found undecayed, but none of the larger bones of the bodies. The barrow was thirty-two yards in diameter, and five feet high; the coffins or cells were two feet deep, and the complete ones were seven feet six inches long.

Stephen Glover 1831. Near to Wardlow a barrow [Wardlow Barrow 1 [Map]] was examined in the year 1759 by the Rev Mr Evat of Ashford. There were discovered in it about seventeen human bodies. These appeared to have been laid on the surface of the ground upon long flat stones They were enclosed by two side walls and the head and breast of each were protected from the incumbent weight of stone by a flat one laid over that part of the top Two bodies near the middle of the barrow were walled up and covered from head to foot in the form of a long chest with a stone cover to each Jaw bones teeth & c were found undecayed but none of the larger ones of the body The low was thirty two yards in diameter and five feet high The coffins were two feet deep and the complete ones seven feet six inches long.

Waterfall Low. Waterfall Low, a large tumulus [Waterfall Low [Map]] on an eminence overlooking the village of Waterfall, was opened on the 10th of June. It is a very conspicuous object, being 20 yards diameter and 9 feet high. We began by cutting across the centre through a mixture of earth and stone; at the north end of the trench was a thick stratum of red earth, which had evidently been burnt, under it the barrow was composed of loose stone, intermingled with pieces of human bone, stags' horns, rats' bones, and in some places with dark coloured earth containing charcoal. Near the middle, about eight feet from the surface, was a cavity three feet long and eighteen inches wide, cut in the rock to a further depth of between one and two feet; although this was plainly the grave, it contained only a few fragments of bone, having evidently been examined by barrow diggers of a former age. A large part of the centre of the barrow was turned over, with no more successful result than the finding of horses' teeth and chippings of flint.

Thomas Bateman 1845. On the 28th of July, 1845, a small barrow [Map] [Note. Wetton Hill Barrow [Map]] upon the extremity of Wetton Hill, in the direction of Alstonefield, was examined; upon this elevated situation the ground is uneven and rocky, thus affording an opportunity to the constructors of the barrow to make a cist in the side of a projecting rock without much labour, and by a slight covering of stones and soil the barrow shape was easily attained. The cist situated at the outer edge of the mound was lined with thin flat limestones, and was found to contain a skeleton, as usual with the knees drawn up; at the head were deposited a rude instrument of calcined flint, a rib of some large animal, apparently designed as a spear-head; and another large bone, possibly used as a hammer; nothing further was found in a definite position; but incidentally was found another instrument of calcined flinty which had been broken. At this point the discoveries of the summer of 1845 terminate.

Thomas Bateman 1845. The first tumulus opened this year in Staffordshire was a barrow [Note. Possibly Wetton aka Taylor's Low [Map] but it is less than half a mile from Wetton.] about a mile from Wetton, commonly known as Taylor's Lowe and it furnished the subject of the frontispiece of "Barrow-digging, by a Barrow-knight" which is a faithful delineation of the scene on the 28th of May, 1845. About two feet from the surface of the barrow was a cist, formed of thin, flat limestones, containing the skeleton of a young person, probably a female, the knees, as is frequently the case in the more ancient barrows, being contracted. About eighteen inches from the surface, on the north side of the tumulus, was another skeleton; deeper down a small octagonal cist, containing a simple deposit of burnt human bones, was erected over a human skeleton, which lay in a large square cist, cut in the rock, thus presenting the anomalous appearance of a cist within a cist. There was nothing found with any of these interments; a few flint instruments and a small piece of an urn only occurring promiscuously. The most remarkable circumstance attending this barrow was, that although each skeleton was quite undisturbed, yet all the heads which lay towards the interior of the mound had been destroyed, by the central part of the tumulus having been some years ago removed, in order form a limekiln.

Archaeologia Volume 3 Section XXIX. Discoveries in a Barrow [Winster Barrow [Map]] in Derbyshire. Communicated by Mr. Mander, of Bakewell, in the said County. Read at the Society of Antiquaries, March 17, 1768.

Thomas Bateman 1846. On the same day two barrows on a very elevated piece of land on Wormhill Moor, known by the name of Whithery Lowe [Map], were opened; the smallest is situate on the highest point of the hill, and is formed almost entirely of soil, with here and there a stone. In it no symptoms of sepulchral remains were observed. The larger one is nothing more than the base of a considerable tumulus which has been removed to within eight inches from the natural soil; in the centre there was still remaining a cist, with a level floor formed of a slab of limestone; in this were the remains of two bodies, one of them a female, both which had been broken and disturbed at the time of the removal of the upper portion of the barrow.

Stephen Glover 1831. A large barrow [Wolfscote Hill Barrow [Map]] is to be seen on a high eminence called Wolfs-cote hill, in Hartington parish; and upon the common, which extends ten miles in the direction of north and south, are many barrows, generally situate on the highest points of ground. Near Brassington there is a remarkable low or barrow, called Mining low [Map], having a number of vaults carried round its circumference, several of them now exposed to sight. During the time of the enclosure, a quantity of human bones were found on the moor.

Section I Tumuli 1843. August 23d, 1843, the large and well-known barrow upon the summit of Wolfscote Hill [Map], near Biggin [Map], was opened by cutting a wide trench from the south side towards the central depression. Shortly before arriving at this point, a cist, built of large limestones, was discovered immediately across the cutting and on the level of the natural ground. This vault, having no cover, was filled with earth and stones, which had settled down into it. On these being cleared out, the contents of the cist were found to be the remains of two young children, accompanied by an urn of sun-dried clay, rather neatly ornamented. This, owing to the settling of the mound, was crushed to pieces, and lay on one side on the floor of the cist, which was covered with rats' bones. On reaching the centre of the tumulus, it became very apparent that that part had been opened previously and the contents destroyed, the only remains now found being fragments of two urns, the bones of a similar number of human skeletons, and a variety of animal remains, all which had been taken out and thrown in again with the soil at the time of the prior opening of this barrow.

Ecton Hill. On the 14th of June we made several cuttings in the conspicuous barrow on WolfscoteHill [Wolfscote Hill Barrow [Map]], which was opened in 1844, the first of which was from the south west side. We continued it for about four yards, and found the actual height of artificial material to be six feet, consisting entirely of stone, small above and increasing in size towards the base, where the stones were arranged so as to incline to the centre. Another opening was made at the east side, where the stone was intermixed with earth abounding in rats' bones, splinters of human bone, and flakes of flint.