Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.
In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.
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Extinct Dukedoms of England is in Dukedoms of England.
1361 Death of Henry of Grosmont
1447 Death of Humphrey of Lancaster
1476 Death of the Duke of Norfolk
On 23rd March 1361 Henry of Grosmont 1st Duke Lancaster [aged 51] died at Leicester Castle [Map]. He was buried at Church of the Annunciation of our Lady of the Newark [Map]. Duke Lancaster, Earl Lincoln extinct.
Blanche Duchess of Lancaster [aged 18] succeeded 5th Countess Lancaster and 2nd Countess Derby. John of Gaunt 1st Duke Lancaster [aged 21] by marriage Earl Lancaster, Earl Derby.
Maud Plantagenet Duchess Lower Bavaria [aged 20] succeeded 5th Countess of Leicester.
On 7th October 1368 Lionel of Antwerp 1st Duke of Clarence [aged 29] died from poisoning at Alba [Map]. Duke Clarence extinct. His daughter Philippa [aged 13] succeeded 2nd Countess of Ulster. He was buried at the St Pietro Ciel d'Oro Church, Pavia [Map].
There was strong speculation he had been poisoned by his wife's [aged 14] father [aged 48].
On 24th March 1399 Margaret Plantagenet 1st Duchess of Norfolk died. Duke Norfolk extinct since it was created for life only. She was buried in the choir of Christ Church, Greyfriars [Map]. Her grandson Thomas [aged 31] succeeded 3rd Earl Norfolk. Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess Norfolk [aged 33] by marriage Countess Norfolk.
On 7th January 1400 at Cirencester, Gloucestershire [Map] Ralph Lumley 1st Baron Lumley [aged 40] was beheaded by the townspeople following an unsuccessful attempt to seize the town. Baron Lumley forfeit.
Thomas Holland 1st Duke Surrey [aged 26] was beheaded. He had to forfeit the honours and estates he had gained after the arrests of Gloucester and Arundel: Duke Surrey extinct. He retained those he had received before: His brother Edmund [aged 16] succeeded 4th Earl Kent, 3rd Baron Holand, 8th Baron Wake of Liddell. He was buried, or re-buried, at his foundation Mount Grace Priory, North Yorkshire [Map].
John Montagu 3rd Earl Salisbury [aged 50] was captured, tried and beheaded. Earl Salisbury, Baron Montagu, Baron Montagu, Baron Monthermer forfeit.
Bernard Brocas [aged 46] was captured.
On 25th October 1415 King Henry V of England [aged 29] defeated a French army at the Battle of Agincourt.
The battle is described by three Chroniclers who were present:
Jean de Waurin: "1, the author of this work, know the truth of the matter, for in that assembly I was among the French".
Jean le Fevre de St Remy: "I who write this, seated on a horse among the baggage at the rear of the battle, along with the other priests who were present".
The anonymous author of the Gesta Henrici Quinti i.e. Deeds of Henry V: "while I was on the other side with the English".
Thomas Camoys 1st Baron Camoys [aged 64] commanded the Rearguard. Richard de Vere 11th Earl of Oxford [aged 30] commanded. Humphrey Lancaster 1st Duke Gloucester [aged 25] was wounded, and was protected by his brother King Henry V of England.
Edward 2nd Duke of York 1st Duke Albemarle [aged 42], commander of the Vanguard, was killed; the most senior English casualty. Duke Albemarle, Earl of Rutland and Earl Cork extinct. His nephew Richard [aged 4] succeeded 3rd Duke York and inherited his estates including Conisbrough Castle [Map].
John Fortescue [aged 35], Dafydd Gam Brecon [aged 35] and Edward Burnell [aged 44] and Roger Vaughan of Bredwardine [aged 38] were killed.
Michael de la Pole 3rd Earl Suffolk [aged 21] was killed. His brother William [aged 19] succeeded 4th Earl Suffolk, 4th Baron Pole.
On 22nd March 1421 the Dauphin's [aged 18] French army and a Scottish army heavily defeated the English army at the Battle of Baugé. On the French side Étienne Vignolles "La Hire" fought. On the Scottish side John Stewart 2nd Earl Buchan [aged 40] and John Stewart of Darnley 1st Count Évreux [aged 41] fought. William Douglas [aged 37] was killed.
On the English side John Beaufort 1st Duke of Somerset [aged 18], Thomas Beaufort 1st Duke Exeter [aged 44], Thomas Beaufort Count Perche [aged 16] and John Holland 2nd Duke Exeter [aged 26] were captured. John Beaufort 1st Duke of Somerset would be captive for the next seventeen years. Thomas Beaufort 1st Duke Exeter was released in 1422. Thomas Beaufort Count Perche was released around 1427 in a prisoner exchange.
Thomas Lancaster 1st Duke of Clarence [aged 33] was killed in battle. Duke Clarence extinct.
John Lumley [aged 38] was killed in battle.
John Ros 7th Baron Ros Helmsley [aged 24] was killed in battle. His brother Thomas [aged 13] succeeded 8th Baron Ros Helmsley.
William Ros [aged 23], and Gilbert V Umfraville were killed.
John Grey 1st Earl Tankerville [aged 37] was killed in battle. His son Henry [aged 3] succeeded 2nd Earl Tankerville.
William Douglas 1st Lord Drumlanrig was present.
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On 31st December 1426 Thomas Beaufort 1st Duke Exeter [aged 49] died at Greenwich, Kent [Map]. Some sources say 27th December 1426 and 1st January 1427. Duke Exeter and Earl Dorset extinct.
On 14th September 1435 John Lancaster 1st Duke Bedford [aged 46] died at Rouen Castle [Map] without legitimate issue. Duke Bedford, Duke Bedford, Earl Kendal and Earl Richmond extinct. Humphrey Lancaster 1st Duke Gloucester [aged 44] became heir to the throne.
On 30th May 1444 John Beaufort 1st Duke of Somerset [aged 41] committed suicide. Suicide not certain but likely. Duke Somerset, Earl Kendal extinct. His brother Edmund [aged 38] succeeded 4th Earl Somerset. Eleanor Beauchamp Duchess Somerset [aged 35] by marriage Countess Somerset.
His only child Margaret Beaufort Countess Richmond aged one was his heir. King Henry VI of England and II of France [aged 22] granted her wardship to William "Jackanapes" de la Pole 1st Duke of Suffolk [aged 47] who married her to his son John de la Pole 2nd Duke of Suffolk [aged 1].
On 11th June 1446 Henry Beauchamp 1st Duke Warwick [aged 21] died at Hanley Castle, Worcestershire. Duke Warwick extinct. His daughter Anne [aged 2] succeeded 15th Countess Warwick, 7th Baroness Burghesh.
On 23rd February 1447 Humphrey Lancaster 1st Duke Gloucester [aged 56] died at Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk [Map]. He was possibly poisoned although more likely he died from a stroke. Duke Gloucester, Earl Pembroke extinct. His death left England with no heir to the throne in a direct line. Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke of York [aged 35] became heir presumptive until the birth of Edward of Westminster Prince of Wales six years later.
On 17th January 1476 John Mowbray 4th Duke of Norfolk [aged 31] died at Framlingham Castle, Suffolk [Map]. Suspicious since he was only 32? Duke Norfolk, Earl Surrey and Earl Nottingham extinct. His daughter Anne [aged 3] succeeded 8th Countess Norfolk, 11th Baroness Mowbray, 12th Baroness Segrave and inherited the vast Mowbray estates. She was subsequently married to Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York [aged 2] two years later.
In March 1479 George York 1st Duke Bedford [aged 2] died of plague at Windsor Castle [Map]. Duke Bedford extinct.
Around August 1483 the Princes in the Tower, brothers King Edward V of England [aged 12] and Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York [aged 9] disappeared from the Tower of London [Map].
King Edward V of England: Earl March and Earl Pembroke extinct.
Richard of Shrewsbury 1st Duke of York: Duke York, Duke Norfolk and Earl Norfolk, Earl Nottingham extinct.
Commines writes "Not long after, he received letters from the Duke of Gloucester, who had made himself king, styled himself Richard III, and barbarously murdered his two nephews".
Robert Ricart, Mayor of Bristol: "And this yere the two sonnes of King E. were put to scylence in the Towre of London." although it should be noted this was written in the margin.
Croyland Chronicle: "while a rumour was spread that the sons of king Edward before-named had died a violent death, but it was uncertain how."
Polydore Vergil: "And to rid himself of this altogether he decided to kill his nephews, for as long as they were safe he could by no means be free of danger."
Jean Molinet: "They were imprisoned for about five weeks; and by the captain of the tower, the Duke Richard secretly had them put to death and eliminated."
Mancini: "I have seen not a few people burst into tears and weep when his memory was brought up after he was removed from the sight of men, and it was already suspected that he had been eliminated. Whether he has indeed been removed, and by what manner of death, I have not yet discovered."
Robert Fabyan: "In which passe tyme the prynce, or of ryght kynge Edwarde the v., with his broder the duke of Yorke, were put under suer kepynge within the Tower, in suche wyse that they neuer came abrode after."
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On 21st December 1495 Jasper Tudor 1st Duke Bedford [aged 64] died at Thornbury Manor without legitimate issue. He was buried at Keynsham Abbey [Map]. Duke Bedford, Earl Pembroke extinct.
On 19th June 1500 he died at the Royal Palace, Hatfield; possibly of plague of which an outbreak was occurring. He was buried in Westminster Abbey [Map]. Duke Somerset extinct.
Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes
Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.
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On 22nd July 1536 or 23rd July 1536 Henry Fitzroy 1st Duke Richmond and Somerset [aged 17] died at St James's Palace [Map]. He the illegitimate son of King Henry VIII of England and Ireland [aged 45]. He was buried at Church of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham [Map]. Duke of Richmond and Somerset, Earl Nottingham extinct.
On 16th February 1624 Ludovic Stewart 2nd Duke Lennox 1st Duke Richmond [aged 49] died. He was buried at Westminster Abbey [Map]. Duke Richmond and Earl Newcastle upon Tyne extinct. His brother Esmé [aged 45] succeeded 3rd Duke Lennox. Katherine Clifton Duchess Lennox [aged 32] by marriage Duchess Lennox.
On 13th September 1660 Henry Stewart 1st Duke Gloucester [aged 20] died of smallpox. Duke Gloucester and Earl Cambridge extinct. He was buried at Westminster Abbey [Map] in the same vault as Mary Queen of Scots.
On 22nd May 1667 Charles Stewart 1st Duke Kendal died. Duke Kendal extinct.
On 20th June 1667 James Stewart 1st Duke Cambridge [aged 3] died at Richmond Palace [Map]. He was buried at Westminster Abbey [Map]. Duke Cambridge extinct.
On 22nd January 1669 Alice Leigh 1st Duchess Dudley [aged 91] died in the parish St Giles' in the Fields Church [Map]. She was buried at Church of the Virgin Mary, Stoneleigh [Map]. Duke Dudley extinct since it was created for life only.
On 8th June 1671 Edgar Stewart 1st Duke Cambridge [aged 3] died. Duke Cambridge extinct.
In December 1672 Charles Stewart 6th Duke Lennox 3rd Duke Richmond [aged 33] drowned at Elsinor. Duke Lennox, Duke Richmond, Earl March, Earl Lichfield. Baron Stuart extinct. His sister Katherine [aged 32] succeeded 7th Baroness Clifton of Leighton Bromswold in Huntingdonshire.
William of Worcester's Chronicle of England
William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.
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On 29th November 1682 Prince Rupert Palatinate Simmern 1st Duke Cumberland [aged 62] died without legitimate issue at Westminster [Map]. Duke Cumberland and Earl Holderness extinct. He was buried in the Crypt, Westminster Abbey.
On 16th April 1687 George Villiers 2nd Duke of Buckingham [aged 59] died. Duke of Buckingham, Marquess of Buckingham, Earl Buckingham extinct. Baron Ros Helmsley abeyant.
On 6th October 1688 Christopher Monck 2nd Duke Albemarle [aged 35] died in Jamaica. Duke Albemarle and Earl Torrington in Devon extinct.
On 26th July 1691 Henry Cavendish 2nd Duke Newcastle upon Tyne [aged 61] died at Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire [Map]. Duke Newcastle upon Tyne, Earl Newcastle upon Tyne extinct. Baron Ogle abeyant.
In December 1702 Henry Fitzjames 1st Duke Albemarle [aged 29] died. Duke Albemarle Jacobite extinct.
On 28th October 1708 Prince George of Denmark 1st Duke Cumberland [aged 55] died without surviving issue. Duke Cumberland extinct.
On 15th July 1711 John Holles 1st Duke Newcastle upon Tyne [aged 49] died. Duke Newcastle upon Tyne, Earl Clare, Baron Haughton extinct.
On 28th June 1716 George Fitzroy 1st Duke Northumberland [aged 50] died at Epsom, Surrey without legitimate issue. Duke Northumberland, Earl of Northumberland, Viscount Falmouth, Baron Pontefract extinct.
On 1st February 1718 Charles Talbot 1st Duke Shrewsbury [aged 57] died. Duke Shrewsbury and Marquess Alton extinct. His first cousin Gilbert [aged 45] succeeded 13th Earl of Shrewsbury, 14th Earl Waterford.
On 16th July 1719 Meinhart Schomberg 3rd Duke Schomberg [aged 78] died. Duke Schomberg extinct.
On 14th August 1728 Ernest Augustus Hanover 1st Duke of York and Albany [aged 53] died at Osnabrück, Lower Saxony. Duke York and Albany extinct.
Jean de Waurin's Chronicle of England Volume 6 Books 3-6: The Wars of the Roses
Jean de Waurin was a French Chronicler, from the Artois region, who was born around 1400, and died around 1474. Waurin’s Chronicle of England, Volume 6, covering the period 1450 to 1471, from which we have selected and translated Chapters relating to the Wars of the Roses, provides a vivid, original, contemporary description of key events some of which he witnessed first-hand, some of which he was told by the key people involved with whom Waurin had a personal relationship.
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On 31st May 1731 Philip Wharton 1st Duke Wharton died. Duke Wharton, Marquess Wharton and Earl Wharton extinct. Baron Wharton abeyant between Jane Wharton [aged 25] and Lucy Wharton Lady Morice.
On 14th November 1734 Louise Kéroualle 1st Duchess Portsmouth [aged 85] died in Paris [Map]. Duke Portsmouth, Earl Fareham and Baron Petersfield extinct since the creations were for life only.
On 30th October 1735 Edmund Sheffield 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Normanby [aged 19] died of consumption at Rome, Italy [Map] unmarried and without issue. Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, Earl Mulgrave and Baron Sheffield of Butterwick in Lincolnshire extinct.
On 5th June 1740 Henry Grey 1st Duke Kent [aged 69] died without surviving male issue. Duke Kent, Marquess Kent, Earl Kent and Viscount Gooderich extinct. His granddaughter Jemima [aged 16] succeeded 2nd Marchioness Grey.
Monument at the De Grey Mausoleum, St John the Baptist Church, Flitton [Map] sculpted by Edward Shepherd.
On 4th October 1743 John Campbell 2nd Duke Argyll [aged 62] died. His brother Archibald [aged 61] succeeded 3rd Duke Argyll. Duke of Greenwich, Earl of Greenwich and Baron Chatham extinct.
On 10th December 1743 Melusine Schulenburg 1st Duchess Munster 1st Duchess Kendal [aged 75] died unmarried. Duke Kendal, Earl Feversham, Baron Glastonbury extinct.
On 6th July 1749 John Montagu 2nd Duke Montagu [aged 59] died without surviving male issue. Duke Montagu extinct. His estates were inherited by his daughter Mary [aged 38] and her husband George Brudenell aka Montagu 1st Duke Montagu [aged 36] who changed his name to Montagu from Brudenell. Monument in St Edmund's Church, Warkton [Map]. Sculpted by Louis Francois Roubiliac [aged 46]. Erected by his widow, Mary Churchill [aged 59], the daughter of the 1st Duke of Marlborough, who stands at the left hand side of the monument.
On 17th December 1758 Charles Butler 3rd Duke Ormond [aged 87] died without issue at his lodgings at Whitehall Palace [Map]. He was buried at St Margaret's Church, Westminster [Map]. Duke Ormonde, Marquess Ormonde, Earl Arran extinct. His second cousin once removed John de jure 16th Earl Ormonde, 8th Earl Ossory although he never used these titles.
On 31st October 1765 William Augustus Hanover 1st Duke Cumberland [aged 44] died unmarried. Duke Cumberland extinct. He was buried at King Henry VII Chapel, Westminster Abbey [Map].
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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On 17th September 1767 Prince Edward Hanover 1st Duke of York [aged 28] died at York Room, Prince's Palace. Duke of York and Albany extinct.
On 17th November 1768 Thomas Pelham Holles 1st Duke Newcastle-under-Lyne [aged 75] died without issue. He was buried in the Pelham family vault at All Saint's Church, Laughton. Duke Newcastle upon Tyne, Marquess Clare, Earl Clare, Viscount Haughton and Baron Pelham of Laughton extinct.
Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton 2nd Duke Newcastle-under-Lyne [aged 48] succeeded 2nd Duke Newcastle under Lyme.
Thomas Pelham 1st Earl Chichester [aged 40] succeeded 2nd Baron Pelham of Stanmer in Sussex and 6th Baronet Pelham of Laughton.
On 22nd September 1773 Evelyn Pierrepont 2nd Duke Kingston upon Hull [aged 62] died without issue at Holme Pierrepoint Hall, Nottinghamshire. He was buried at the Church of St Edmund, Holme Pierrepoint [Map]. Duke Kingston upon Hull and Marquess Dorchester, Earl Kingston upon Hull, Viscount Newark, Baron Pierrepont of Holme Pierrepoint extinct. He left all his wealth and property to his wife Elizabeth Chudleigh Duchess Kingston upon Hull [aged 52] on the condition she remain a widow.
On 18th May 1774 William Fitzroy 3rd Duke Cleveland 2nd Duke Southampton [aged 76] died. Duke Cleveland, Duke Southampton, Earl of Southampton, Earl Chichester, Baron Nonsuch and Baron Newbury extinct.
On 29th September 1789 James Brydges 3rd Duke Chandos [aged 57] died without male issue. Duke Chandos, Marquess Carnarvon, Earl Carnarvon, Viscount Wilton, Baron Chandos of Sudeley and Baronet Brydges of Wilton in Herefordshire extinct. His wife Anne Eliza Gamon Duchess Chandos [aged 52] had pulled away a chair, whether inadvertently or deliberately is unknown, he was about to sit in causing him injuries from which he ultimately died. She was, thereafter, declared a lunatic and confined to their London home, 2 Queen Anne Street aka Chandos House Marylebone.
On 23rd May 1790 George Brudenell aka Montagu 1st Duke Montagu [aged 77] died. Duke Montagu extinct. His brother James [aged 65] succeeded 5th Earl Cardigan, 5th Baron Brudenell of Stonton in Leicestershire. Elizabeth Waldegrave Countess Cardigan [aged 31] by marriage Countess Cardigan. His grandson Henry [aged 13] succeeded 2nd Baron Montagu of Boughton in Northamptonshire.
On 18th September 1790 Henry Frederick Hanover 1st Duke Cumberland and Strathearn [aged 44] died. Duke Cumberland and Strathearn extinct.
On 25th December 1794 Harry Powlett 6th Duke Bolton [aged 74] died without male issue. Duke Bolton extinct. His third cousin once removed George [aged 72] succeeded 12th Marquess Winchester, 12th Earl Wiltshire, 12th Baron St John. Martha Ingoldsby Marchioness Winchester by marriage Marchioness Winchester. Most of his estates including Bolton Castle [Map] were inherited by his elder brother's illegitimate daughter Jean Mary [aged 43] whose husband Thomas Orde [aged 54] added the surname Powlett to his own.
On 8th March 1803 Francis Egerton 3rd Duke Bridgewater [aged 66] died unmarried. Memorial at the Bridgewater Chapel, St Peter and St Paul Church, Little Gaddesden. Duke Bridgewater extinct. His first cousin once removed John [aged 49] succeeded 7th Earl Bridgewater, 8th Viscount Brackley, 8th Baron Ellesmere.
Francis Egerton 3rd Duke Bridgewater: On 21st May 1736 he was born to Scroop Egerton 1st Duke Bridgewater and Rachel Russell Duchess Bridgewater. On 26th February 1748 John Egerton 2nd Duke Bridgewater died unmarried. His brother Francis succeeded 3rd Duke Bridgewater, 6th Earl Bridgewater, 7th Viscount Brackley, 7th Baron Ellesmere.
John William Egerton 7th Earl Bridgewater: On 14th April 1753 he was born to Bishop John Egerton and Anne Sophia Grey. Coefficient of inbreeding 6.25%.
Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes
Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.
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On 8th February 1809 Brownlow Bertie 5th Duke Ancaster and Kesteven [aged 79] died without male issue at Grimsthorpe, South Kesteven. He was buried at St Mary's Church, Swinstead [Map] on 17th February 1809. Duke Ancaster and Kesteven, Marquess Lindsay extinct. His third cousin Albermarle [aged 64] succeeded 9th Earl Lindsey.
Sculpted by Richard Westmacott [aged 33]. A handsome white marble wall tablet in Grecian style depicting deceased and wife on a catafalque with mourning female figure, flanked by mother, children and angel. Above a scrolled cornice with Ducal coronet and palm. Beneath a rectangular inscription panel, flanked by scrolled brackets.
On 12th February 1820 Edward Augustus Hanover 1st Duke Kent and Strathearn [deceased] was buried at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle [Map]. Duke Kent and Strathearn extinct.
On 30th November 1834 William Frederick Hanover 2nd Duke Gloucester and Edinburgh [aged 58] died at Yattendon Castle [Map]. He was buried at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle [Map]. Duke Gloucester and Edinburgh, Earl Connaught extinct.
On 21st April 1843 Prince Augustus Frederick Hanover 1st Duke Sussex [aged 70] died at Kensington Palace. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery [Map]. Duke Sussex extinct.
On 29th July 1843 Charles Sackville 5th Duke Dorset [aged 75] died unmarried. He was buried in St Peter's Church, Lowick [Map]. Duke Dorset, Earl Dorset, Earl Middlesex, Viscount Sackville of Drayton in Sussex, Baron Buckhurst, Baron Cranfield of Cranfield in Middlesex and Baron Bolebrooke in Sussex extinct.
On 26th March 1889 Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos [aged 65] died from diabetes at 2 Queen Anne Street aka Chandos House Marylebone. Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, Marquess Buckingham, Marquess of Chandos, Earl Temple, Earl Nugent extinct.
William Stephen Temple Gore-Langton 4th Earl Temple [aged 41] succeeded 4th Earl Temple of Stowe according to the special remainder in its patent. Helen Mabel Graham-Montgomery Countess Temple of Stowe by marriage Countess Temple of Stowe.
Charles Lyttelton 8th Viscount Cobham [aged 46] succeeded 8th Viscount Cobham. Mary Susan Cavendish Viscountess Cobham [aged 36] by marriage Viscountess Cobham.
On 21st August 1891 Harry George Powlett 4th Duke Cleveland [aged 88] died at Cleveland House, 16 St James' Square, St James'. Duke of Cleveland, Marquess of Cleveland, Earl Darlington and Viscount Barnard, Baron Raby of Raby Castle in County Durham extinct.
Henry de Vere Vane 9th Baron Barnard [aged 37] succeeded 9th Baron Barnard. Catherine Sarah Cecil Baroness Barnard [aged 30] by marriage Baroness Barnard.
On 17th March 1904 Prince George Hanover 2nd Duke Cambridge [aged 84] died at Gloucester House without issue. Duke Cambridge extinct.
On 14th November 1923 Ernest Augustus Hanover 3rd Duke Cumberland and Teviotdale [aged 78] died. Duke Cumberland and Teviotdale extinct.
On 26th April 1943 Alastair Windsor 2nd Duke Connaught and Strathearn [aged 28] died at Ottawa. He was buried at St Ninian's Chapel, Mar Lodge Estate. Duke Connaught and Strathearn extinct. The diaries of Sir Alan Lascelles [aged 56], King George VI's [aged 47] private secretary, published in 2006, recorded that both the regiment and Athlone had rejected him as incompetent, and he fell out of a window when drunk and perished of hypothermia overnight.
Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.
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On 20th March 1964 Francis D'Arcy Godolphin Osborne 12th Duke of Leeds [aged 79] died unmarried without male issue. Duke Leeds, Earl of Danby, Viscount Osborne, Viscount Latimer, Baron Osborne of Kinderton, Baronet Osborne of Kiveton, Baron Godolphin of Farnham Royal in Buckinghamshire extinct.
On 25th December 1988 Edward Pelham-Clinton 10th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne [aged 68] died. Duke Newcastle under Lyme extinct. His ninth cousin twice removed Edward [aged 75] succeeded 18th Earl Lincoln.
On 30th July 1990 Victor Cavendish-Bentinck 9th Duke of Portland [aged 93] died without surviving male issue. He was buried at St Winifred's Church, Holbeck. Duke Portland extinct. His half sixth cousin Henry [aged 70] succeeded 11th Earl of Portland.