Europe, France, Normandy, Rouen [Map]

Rouen, France is in Normandy [Map].

1153 Henry II visits his mother in Rouen

1154 Henry II Holds Easter at Rouen

1418 Siege of Rouen

1419 Surrender of Rouen

1431 Trial of Joan of Arc

1431 Execution of Joan of Arc

1431 French Coronation of Henry VI

1435 Death of John of Bedford

In 1087 Adelize Beaumont Oise died at Rouen, France [Map]. She was buried in the Chapter House, Abbey of Saint-Evroul, Saint-Evroult-Notre-Dame-du-Bois.

On 01 Jun 1134 Geoffrey Plantagenet Count Nantes was born to Geoffrey Plantagenet Duke Normandy (age 20) and Empress Matilda (age 32) at Rouen, France [Map] or Argentan. He a grandson of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England.

Henry II visits his mother in Rouen

Before Jan 1153 King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England (age 19) visited his mother Empress Matilda (age 50) in Rouen, France [Map] to seek funds for his impending invasion of England.

Henry II Holds Easter at Rouen

Around Mar 1154 King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England (age 20) returned to Rouen, France [Map] and met with his mother Empress Matilda (age 52), and his brothers. Eleanor of Aquitaine Queen Consort Franks and England (age 32) joined them to celebrate Easter with their first son William Plantagenet IX Count Poitiers who met his father for the first time aged around eight months.

In 1189 Geoffrey Chateaudun III Count Perche and Matilda Welf Countess Perche (age 17) were married at Rouen, France [Map]. She by marriage Countess Perche. She the daughter of Henry "Lion" Welf XII Duke Saxony III Duke Bavaria (age 60) and Matilda Plantagenet Duchess Saxony (age 32). He the son of Routrou Chateaudun IV Count Perche (age 54) and Matilda Blois Countess Perche. They were third cousin once removed. He a great x 2 grandson of King William "Conqueror" I of England. She a granddaughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England.

On 14 Nov 1189 William Mandeville 3rd Earl Essex Count Aumale died at Rouen, France [Map]. He was buried at Mortemar Abbey. Earl Essex extinct.

In Oct 1196 Raymond Rouerge Marquess Provence (age 39) and Joan Plantagenet Queen Consort Sicily (age 31) were married at Rouen, France [Map]. She by marriage Countess Toulose. She the daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine Queen Consort Franks and England (age 74). He the son of Raymond Rouerge V Count Toulose and Constance Capet Countess Boulogne and Toulose. They were third cousin once removed.

On 04 Sep 1199 Joan Plantagenet Queen Consort Sicily (age 33) died at Rouen, France [Map]. She was buried at Fontevraud Abbey [Map].

In 1203 Arthur Plantagenet 3rd Duke Brittany (age 16) was murdered at Rouen, France [Map]. His half sister Alix Thouars Duchess of Brittany (age 1) succeeded 5th Countess Richmond. Her half-sister Eleanor "Fair Maid of Britanny" 4th Countess of Richmond (age 19), who was imprisoned from 1202 to her death, also used the title Countess of Richmond.

Chronicle of Gregory 1403-1419. 1418. And the kynge (age 31) layde sege unto the cytte of Reyne [Map]52, and that contynuyd tylle the xxiiij53 day of Janyver nexte aftyr.

Note 52. Rouen.

Note 53. Should be the 13th.

Siege of Rouen

Chronicle of Gregory 1403-1419. 1418. The same John Bryan [Sheriff of London] scheryve unto the ix day of Octobre, and thenne he dyde; and thenne John Pernys [J Parnasse] was chose sheryve for the yere. And fro that day of Saynt Edwarde contynuyd the sege of Rone unto the xxiiij53 day of Janyver, as hyt ys by-fore sayde; at the whiche day they of the cytte desyryd to trete. And the kynge (age 31) commaundyd the Erle of Warwyke, and the Erle of Salysbury, the Lorde Fehewe, Syr Watyr Hungerforde (age 39), Gylbert Houmfryvyle, John Vasquyes de Almada, and Robert54 Knyght, to trete whythe hem. And for the party of Roone [Map] [these folowyng]:55

Fyrste, hyt ys accordyd that Syr Gy Butler, captayne of the cytte of Roone [Map], with the consentte of the nobylle cyttezyns and of othyr dwellynge and beyng in the same cytte and castelle a-bove sayde, whythe owt fraude or malyngnynge, what tyme aftyr the myddys of the xix day of thys present monythe of Janyver, oure sayde lorde the kynge wylle that the cytte and the castelle too hym or to hys be delyveryd undyr maner and in forme whythe ynne wrytte.

Alle so hyt ys accordyd that the day and the howre56 of that of the nobylle cyttezyns and othyr whatt soo evyr they be dwellynge and beynge in the fore sayde cytte and castelle shalle submyt hem in alle thyngys to the grace of oure excellent lorde the kyng.

Alle so hyt ys accordyd that fro thys howre57 unto the reale and effectualle [yeldyng]58 of the sayde cytte and castelle, none of forsayde noble cyttezyns othyr othyr59 being in the same cytte and castelle shalle nought goo owte of the sayde cytte and castelle with owte specyalle lyscens of oure excellente lorde the kynge.60

Alle so hyt ys accordyd that fro thys howre57 unto the delyverans of the cytte any61 of [th]e parteys shalle abstayne hem from alle goodys62 of werre to make a yenste the othyr partys of hem. Alle so hyt ys accordyde that the noble cyttezeyns and othyr beynge in the cytte and castelle shalle paye to oure fore sayde lorde the kynge CCC Ml scwtys of golde, where of alle way ij of hem shalle be worthe an Englysche noble, or in stede of every scwte xxx grete blankys wyte, or xv grotys; of the whyche CCC Ml scwtys that one parte shalle be payde unto oure soverayne lorde the kynge, or unto hys deputys, whythe ynne the cytte of Roone be-fore sayde, the xxij day of thys present mony[th]e of Janyver, and the othyr halfe payde to oure sayde lorde or to hys deputys in the feste of Syn Mathie the Apostylle nexte to come, that shalle be the xxiij63 day of Feverer, whythe owte any delay i-hadde, &c.64

Alle so hyt ys accordyde that every subgett of oure sayde lorde the kynge that nowe ben or were presoners to any person in the sayde cytte or castelle, and hyr pleggys, shall be utterly fre as a-yens thes personnys, and the summys that they ar boundyn ynne, at the day of thys present trete and accorde.

Alle so hyt ys accordyde that alle and every soudyer and stranger beynge in the sayde citte and castelle shalle swere on the Evaungelys of God be-fore there departyng, that they shall not bere armys a-gayne oure sayde lorde the kynge or any of hys, unto the fyrste day of Janyver nexte to come, for no maner maundement [th]at to hem of any maner person in contrary may be done or ennyode.65

Alle so hyt ys accordyde that alle and every jewelle, relykys, and othyr goodys longgyng to the abbaye of Synt Kateryne, whythe ynne the same cytte and castelle, beyng alle hoolly, shalle be delyveryd unto hym whom that the Kyng of Inglonde deputyn or ordeyn hem to ressayve aftyr the delyveraunce of the sayd cytte.

Alle so hyt ys accordyde that the fore sayde noble cyttezyns and othyr whythe in the sayde cytte and castelle beyng, shalle make the same cytte and castelle be-fore the sayde xix daye of this present monythe of Janyver suffycyantly and honestely to be made clene, and alle so honestly and diligently that alle the dede bodys newe dede or to ben dede in to that daye of delyveraunce of the cytte honestely and dylygently shalle ben beryd.

Alle soo hyt ys accordyd that the for sayde noble cyttezyns and alle beynge in the sayde citte and castelle anon shalle receyve66 and don entre in to the same cytte and castelle alle and everyche beynge in the dychys67 of the sayde cytte that for penurye68 went owte of the same cytte whom69 they shalle be holde to fede unto the xix day of Janyver above sayde, as they wylle answere unto Gode and the kyng; and owte takyn them they shalle not ressayve non othyr personnys in to the same cytte or castelle unto the forsayde day with owte specyalle lyssens of oure moste dowtfulle lorde the Kyng of Inglonde. But yf hit happe any massyngere or harowde of armys of the adversy party of the kynge to come to the partys of [th]e gatys or dychys of the sayde castelle and cytte . . .70

Whiche71 artyculys and appoyntmentys, as hyt ys before sayde, alle and every chone in maner as hyt ys accordyd, the forsayde captaynys and the noble cyttezyns ande othyr whythe ynne the sayde castelle and citte being, welle and trewly whythe owte any fraude or malygny72 to holdyn ande observe and kepe they be-hote, ande thoo two be kepte and fullefyllyd they bynd them soo, but yf yt be falle oure sayde moste doughtefulle lorde the kynge, that God for bede, to ben ovyr come in the batayle to hym i-made by Charlys hys adversarye of Fraunce or the Duke of Burgayne, be-fore the for-sayde [xix]73 day of thys present monythe of Janyver; for to sen74 alle way that [if]73 hyt be falle the forsayde Charlys adversary, othyr the Duke of Burgayne, or any othyr, to come to the sege of oure kynge to remoeve75 fro the forsayde cytte, that nothyr the fore sayde captayne nor non of the cyttezyns, sowdyers, othyr othyr76 beyng whythe ynne the for sayde cytte or castelle, shalle goo owte, nor noo maner helpe they shalle delyverye nor lene to hem, so azens oure lorde the kynges comyng in nomaner a wyse.

Alle so, that alle thes maner of poynttementysse, covenauntys, and accordys, and every poynte as hyt ys a fore sayde, welle and trewly and unbrokyn to be kepte; and for the more surete of the same covenauntys and accordys, the for sayde captayne, the noble cyttezyns, and othyr above sayde shalle ben takyn in thys tyme anone into the hondys of oure lorde the kynge iiij schore notable plegys, where of xxty shalle be knyghtys and squyers, ande the remenaunte cyttezyns of the same cytte, att hyr owne coste to be sustaynyd. For the party sothely of oure moste doutefulle lorde ande kynge a-fore sayde, gracyusly and benyngly consederynge the meke submyttynge and yeldynge of the sayde citte and castelle above sayde, he hathe grauntyde that alle and everye person of what a-state or degre that he be of condycyon with ynne the sayde castelle [and cite]77 beyng, [excepte]77 sartayne personys with ynne expressyde, that wylle be-come legys and subgetys to oure lorde the kynge, and fro hensforthe wylle dwelle undyr his obessauns, they shalle have there herytagys and goodys, mevablis and unmevablys, whythe ynne hys duche of Normandy constitute; and whiche that benne afore the day and date of thys present letters by oure fore sayde lorde the kynge to78 othyr personys have nought be yovyn and grauntyde, excepte armours artyrlys a-bove sayd; makyng and doyng [for]77 hyr herytagys, and for hyr unmevabylle goodys to oure for sayde lorde the kynge, the services79 ther-of dewe and consuete, or to swere to whom suche maner of servyce of the graunte of oure lorde the kynge ought too long.

Alle so hyt ys agrauntyd of oure lorde the kynge ys be-halve, that alle the cyttezyns and dwellers of the cytte of Roone that nowe be, or in tyme to come shalle be, [and]80 shall have alle ande every franches, lybertes, and prevelegys [th]e whiche of worthely mynde be progenys of oure lorde the kynge, of kyngys of Inglonde, dukys of Normandye, to hem and to hys sayde cytte were grauntyde, in possessyon where [of]81 they were the fyrste day that oure lorde the kynge a-fore sayde come by fore the sayde cytte; and alle so of more large grace of hys benyngnyte hathe grauntyde, that the same cyttezyns and dwellers of the citte shalle have alle the lyberteys, and franches, and prevelegys, where they were in pos sessyons on the fore sayde fyrste day of comynge of oure lorde the kynge before the cytte, of the graunte of hys progenytourys of kyngys of Fraunce that were before tyme of Phylyppe Valeys, adversarye of oure lorde [the kyng].81

[Also it is grauntid and accordid in our lord] the kyngys behalve, that alle the strangers, sowdyers, and othyr in the fore sayde citte and castelle, beynge at thys tyme nought wyllynge to be come leges of oure lorde the kyng, the for-sayde citte so yoldynne as hit ys before sayde, to departe, levynge to oure sayde lorde the kyng all hyr armowrys, hors, artylyrs, and othyr thyngys, harneysse, and goodys, excepte the Normandys that wylle nought be lyges of oure lorde the kynge, [th]at thoo alle shalle a-byde presoners of oure lorde the kyng.

Alle so hyt ys grauntyd in oure lorde the kynges behalve, that the werre and alle so schrewde speche that duryng the sege the folke and pepylle nemnyd, of what condycyon that they ben, ayens hys ryalle soveraynyte, or whythe defame lyppys have spoke, oure moste soverayne lorde the kyng, of strenyger the day of parte82 mekely shalle be forgevynne, owte take the personys that above in specyalle ben exceptyd.83

Alle so hyt ys accordyd in oure lorde the kyngys be halve, that the for sayde soudyers and strongers be-fore thys presentt trete and accorde, wyllyng for to departynne, oure lorde the kyng shalle ordaynne and make a sykyr and saffe condyte in form consuete.

And so the fore sayde cytte was yoldyd to oure soverayne lord the kynge uppon Synt Wolstonys day.84 And aftyr that he gatte many townys and castellys, as hyt shalle aftyr thys be wretyn alle the processe.

Note 53. Should be the 13th.

Note 54. Robert. Robesard, J.

Note 55. [these folowyng]. Omitted in MS.; supplied from J. Nevertheless it is clear there is a further omission, even in J.

Note 56. howre. The hof this word is struck out in all these places.

Note 57. See notee, p. 122.

Note 58. Omitted in MS.; supplied from J.

Note 59. So in MS. The first "othyr" seems to mean "or."

Note 60. This clause is repeated in the MS. with the variation, "non of the fore sayde cyttezyns or othyr."

Note 61. any. every, J.

Note 62. goodys. Evidently a transcriber's error for dedys. J. reads dede.

Note 63. xxiij. Should be 24th. See Rymer, ix. 665.

Note 64. Here several articles are omitted which may be seen in Rymer. They are given in the English in J.

Note 65. enjoined.

Note 66. receyve. resome, MS.; receyve, V.; receyven, J.

Note 67. or about diches, J.

Note 68. penurye. femurye, MS.; penurie, J. Vit. reads "fere."

Note 69. whom. whanne, MS.

Note 70. The conclusion of the sentence is omitted not only in our MS. but also in J. and V. In the Latin it is, "ipse in ipsa non recipietur, seu providebitur eidem per dominum nostrum Regem de salvo conductu."

Note 71. Whiche. The MS. has "with the" written as if it were the continuation of the previous sentence.

Note 72. malygny. malengyne, J.

Note 73. Omitted in MS.; supplied from J.

Note 74. for to sen, i. e. foreseen, provided.

Note 75. remoeve. remayne, MS., corrected from J.

Note 76. See page 123, notec.

Note 77. Omitted in MS.; supplied from J.

Note 78. to. and, MS.; corrected from J.

Note 79. services. sermoys, MS.

Note 80. This word is clearly superfluous.

Note 81. The end of this sentence and the beginning of the next are omitted in our MS., which runs on without a break from the word "lorde" to "the kyngys behalve' as if it were one sentence.

Note 82. of strenyger the day of parte. of steryng the day of pietie, J. These are strange corruptions. The Latin has ex instinctu Divinæ pietatis.

Note 83. They are mentioned in the preceding clause in the original treaty; but their names are omitted in the MS.

Note 84. 19th Jan.

Surrender of Rouen

On 19 Jan 1419 Rouen, France [Map] surrendered to King Henry V of England (age 32) after a sirge of six months.

Alain Blanchard, who had hanged English prisoners from the walls, was summarily executed.

In 1420 Richard Scrope 3rd Baron Scrope of Bolton (age 27) died at Rouen, France [Map]. His son Henry Scrope 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton (age 1) succeeded 4th Baron Scrope of Bolton.

On 10 Aug 1420 Thomas Fitzgerald 5th Earl Desmond (age 34) died at Rouen, France [Map].

French Coronation of Henry VI

Chronicle of Gregory 1431. 13 Dec 1431. And the xiij day of the same monythe he was crownyde at Parysse; for there he was worthely and ryally ressayvyd as they cowthe devyse whythe alle the statys of the towne. And there he hylde hys feste raylly to alle maner of nacyons that were in that contre, that yf hyt plesyde hem thedyr for to come. And in Syn Johnys day in the Crystysmasse weke the kynge remevyd towarde Roone [Map], and on the xij evyn he come unto Calys. Ande the xxix day of Janyver he londyd at Dovyr [Map].

In 1435 Louis of Luxembourg fled to English held Rouen, France [Map] when the French recovered Paris. He was appointed Archbishop Rouen. His niece Jacquetta of Luxemburg Duchess Bedford (age 20) married the English regent John Lancaster 1st Duke Bedford (age 45).

In 1437 Oliver St John (age 36) died at Rouen, France [Map].

In 1437 Oliver St John (age 91) died at Rouen, France [Map].

On 30 Apr 1439 Richard Beauchamp 13th Earl Warwick (age 57) died at Rouen, France [Map]. He was buried at St Mary's Church, Warwick [Map]. His son Henry Beauchamp 1st Duke Warwick (age 14) succeeded 14th Earl Warwick. Cecily Neville Duchess Warwick (age 15) by marriage Countess Warwick.

Chronicle of Gregory 1439. 30 Apr 1439. And the laste day of Aprylle deyde the Erle of Warwyke (age 57) at Roone [Map]. Ande the same yere the Cardynalle Archebyschoppe of Yorke (age 59), the Byschoppe of Northewyche (age 51), the Byschoppe of Syn Davys and many othyr docters, and the Duke of Northefolke (age 23), the Erle of Stafford (age 36), the Lorde Bowcer, and the Lorde Hungerforde (age 39), with a grete mayny, wente unto Calys; and they hadde the Duke of Orlyaunce (age 44) with hem for to trete of pes by twyne Ingelonde and Fraunce. And there mette with hem the grete lordys of Fraunce, that ys to wyte, of spyrytualle and temporalle, the Archebyschoppe of Raynys (age 59), whythe many moo byschoppys, the Erle of Wendon (age 63), a the Bastarde of Orlyaunce (age 36), and many othyr lordys of Fraunce; and thedyr come the Byschoppe of Spayne and of Colayne, and many moo othyr dyvers contreys that com fro the Counselle of Basylle.

On 28 Apr 1442 King Edward IV of England was born to Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke York (age 30) and Cecily "Rose of Raby" Neville Duchess York (age 26) at Rouen, France [Map]. He was immediately baptised in a small side chapel at Rouen Cathedral [Map]. Some historians suggest the lack of grandeur indicates Edward IV may have been illegitimate whereas others suggest the baptism was typical for a country at war. Some historians also suggest Edward IV was illegitimate since his father Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke York (age 30) was away at the siege of Pontoise [Map] at the time of conception. Pontoise [Map] is some sixty miles from Rouen. There is straight road, an old Roman road known as the Chaussée Jules César, between the Pontoise and Rouen, now known as the D14. Easy for Richard to return to Rouen as and when he chose to. He a great x 2 grandson of King Edward III of England. Coefficient of inbreeding 2.38%.

On 17 May 1443 Edmund York 1st Earl of Rutland was born to Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke York (age 31) and Cecily "Rose of Raby" Neville Duchess York (age 28) at Rouen, France [Map]. He a great x 2 grandson of King Edward III of England. Coefficient of inbreeding 2.38%.

On 22 Apr 1444 Elizabeth York Duchess Suffolk was born to Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke York (age 32) and Cecily "Rose of Raby" Neville Duchess York (age 28) at Rouen, France [Map]. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Edward III of England. Coefficient of inbreeding 2.38%.

Chronicle of Gregory 1450. 1450. Ande that same yere was the moste pa[r]te of Normandy y-loste, and a Parlymentte was at Westemyster. In the mene whyle was the [city] of Eoon [Map], Mustarde Vylers, and Herflete i-loste by fore Crystysmasse, and thenne the Parlyment was prolongyd tylle aftyr Syn Hyllary ys day. Ande at that tyme beyng many sowdyers at Portysmowthe [Map], the whyche haddyn take the kyngys (age 28) wagys for to pass ovyr the see. And anon aftyr Crystysmasse was sende unto the see syde the Prevye Sealle, whyche was callyd Mayster Adam Molaynys, to have take the monster [muster?] at the see syde, he beynge that tyme Byschoppe of Chychester. Ande for hys covetysse, as hyt was reportyde, schippemen put hym to dethe, and sum mys-a-wysyd men of the sowdyers holpyn welle there-to. And thys was done at Portysmouthe [Map].

On 17 Sep 1474 John Fitzwilliam (age 77) died at Rouen, France [Map].

On 09 Jun 1537 Louis Valois II Duke Longueville (age 27) died at Rouen, France [Map]. His son François Valois III Duke Longueville (age 1) succeeded III Duke Longueville.

Around 1565 Isaac Oliver was born in Rouen, France [Map].

In 1591 Thomas Coningsby (age 40) travelled to Rouen, France [Map] to be in attendance on Robert Devereux 2nd Earl Essex (age 25).

Evelyn's Diary. 18 Mar 1644. We lay this night at a village, called Magny. The next day, descending a very steep hill, we dined at Fleury, after riding five leagues down St. Catherine, to Rouen, France [Map], which affords a goodly prospect, to the ruins of that chapel and mountain. This country so abounds with wolves that a shepherd whom we met, told us one of his companions was strangled by one of them the day before, and that in the midst of his flock. The fields are mostly planted with pears and apples, and other cider fruits. It is plentifully furnished with quarries of stone and slate, and hath iron in abundance.

Evelyn's Diary. 21 Mar 1644. On Easter Monday, we dined at Totes, a solitary inn between Rouen, France [Map] and Dieppe, at which latter place we arrived. This town is situated between two mountains, not unpleasantly, and is washed on the north by our English seas.

In 1647 Ralph Hopton 1st Baron Hopton (age 50) moved to Rouen, France [Map] where he stayed with his uncle Arthur Hopton Diplomat (age 59).

On 09 Oct 1917 Henry Cecil Vane (age 35) died from wounds in a hospital at Rouen, France [Map]. He was buried at St Sever Cemetery. He has a memorial at St Mary's Church, Staindrop [Map].

Henry Cecil Vane: On 19 Sep 1882 he was born to Henry de Vere Vane 9th Baron Barnard and Catherine Sarah Cecil Baroness Barnard. On 25 Aug 1914 or 25 Oct 1914 Henry Cecil Vane and Enid Victoria Rachel Fane were married. She the daughter of Anthony Fane 13th Earl of Westmoreland.

Europe, France, Normandy, Rouen, Abbey of St Ouen [Map]

Flowers of History. 1072. Pope Alexander died on the last day of March, and was succeeded by Hildebrand, who took the name of Gregory. The same year, the monks of Saint Ouen [Map] came with a band of armed men, and attacked John, archbishop of Rouen, as he was celebrating mass, on the festival of the above-named saint. On which account it was decided in a council which was assembled in that city, over which William, king of England (age 44), presided, that the monks who were guilty of this crime, should be thrown into prison by the abbot.

Europe, France, Normandy, Rouen, Old Market Place [Map]

Chronicle of Gregory 1431. 23 May 1431. Ande the xxiij day of May the Pusylle (age 19) was brent at Rone [Map], and that was a pon Corpus Crysty evyn. [Note. The date here one week out; should be 30 May 1431]

On 30 May 1431 Joan of Arc (age 19) was burned at the stake witnessed by Cardinal Henry Beaufort (age 56) at the Old Market Place, Rouen [Map].

Rouen Castle

On 09 Jan 1431 Joan of Arc (age 19) was tried at Rouen Castle [Map]. John Lancaster 1st Duke Bedford (age 41) and Henry Beauchamp 1st Duke Warwick (age 5) were present.

Chronicle of Gregory 1435. 14 Sep 1435. Ande that same yere, the xiiij day of Septembyr, deyde the Duke of Bedforde (age 46), Regaunte of alle Fraunce, in the castelle of Rone [Map], bytwyne ij and iij in the mornynge; and hys body ys buryde in Nostre Dame Chyrche of Roone [Map]. And of hys soule ande alle Crystyn soulys God have marcy, Amen.

On 14 Sep 1435 John Lancaster 1st Duke Bedford (age 46) died at Rouen Castle [Map] without legitimate issue. Duke Bedford, Duke Bedford, Earl Kendal and Earl Richmond extinct. Humphrey Lancaster 1st Duke Gloucester (age 44) became heir to the throne.

Europe, France, Normandy, Rouen Cathedral [Map]

Chronicle of Gregory 1435. 14 Sep 1435. Ande that same yere, the xiiij day of Septembyr, deyde the Duke of Bedforde (age 46), Regaunte of alle Fraunce, in the castelle of Rone [Map], bytwyne ij and iij in the mornynge; and hys body ys buryde in Nostre Dame Chyrche of Roone [Map]. And of hys soule ande alle Crystyn soulys God have marcy, Amen.

On 28 Apr 1442 King Edward IV of England was born to Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke York (age 30) and Cecily "Rose of Raby" Neville Duchess York (age 26) at Rouen, France [Map]. He was immediately baptised in a small side chapel at Rouen Cathedral [Map]. Some historians suggest the lack of grandeur indicates Edward IV may have been illegitimate whereas others suggest the baptism was typical for a country at war. Some historians also suggest Edward IV was illegitimate since his father Richard Plantagenet 3rd Duke York (age 30) was away at the siege of Pontoise [Map] at the time of conception. Pontoise [Map] is some sixty miles from Rouen. There is straight road, an old Roman road known as the Chaussée Jules César, between the Pontoise and Rouen, now known as the D14. Easy for Richard to return to Rouen as and when he chose to. He a great x 2 grandson of King Edward III of England. Coefficient of inbreeding 2.38%.

Evelyn's Diary. 18 Mar 1644. The Cathedral Nôtre Dame [Map] was built, as they acknowledge, by the English; some English words graven in Gothic characters upon the front seem to confirm it. The towers and whole church are full of carving. It has three steeples, with a pyramid; in one of these, I saw the famous bell so much talked of, thirteen feet in height, thirty-two round, the diameter eleven, weighing 40,000 pounds.