German Duke is in German Lords Temporal.
In 867 Hugh Carolingian Duke Alsace [aged 12] was appointed Duke Alsace.
Albert Wittelsbach II Duke Bavaria Straubing was appointed II Duke Bavaria Straubing.
John "Pitiless" Wittelsbach II Duke Bavaria Straubing succeeded III Count Holland, VI Count Hainaut, V Count Zeeland, II Duke Bavaria Straubing.
Frederick Bohemia Duke Bohemia was appointed Duke Bohemia.
On 1st November 1913 Ernest Augustus Hanover Duke Brunswick [aged 25] was appointed Duke Brunswick. Viktoria Luise Hohenzollern Duchess Brunswick [aged 21] by marriage Duchess Brunswick.
Before 17th November 1584 Eric Guelph II Duke Brunswick-Calenburg [aged 56] was appointed II Duke Brunswick Calenburg.
In 1383 Eric Brunswick Grubenhagen 1st Duke Brunswick Grubenhagen succeeded 1st Duke Brunswick Grubenhagen.
Around 1204 Otto "Child" Brunswick-Lüneburg Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg was appointed Duke Brunswick Lüneburg.
Before 1540 Eric "The Elder" Guelph I Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 69] was appointed I Duke Brunswick Lüneburg.
Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
A canon regular of the Augustinian Guisborough Priory, Yorkshire, formerly known as The Chronicle of Walter of Hemingburgh, describes the period from 1066 to 1346. Before 1274 the Chronicle is based on other works. Thereafter, the Chronicle is original, and a remarkable source for the events of the time. This book provides a translation of the Chronicle from that date. The Latin source for our translation is the 1849 work edited by Hans Claude Hamilton. Hamilton, in his preface, says: 'In the present work we behold perhaps one of the finest samples of our early chronicles, both as regards the value of the events recorded, and the correctness with which they are detailed; Nor will the pleasing style of composition be lightly passed over by those capable of seeing reflected from it the tokens of a vigorous and cultivated mind, and a favourable specimen of the learning and taste of the age in which it was framed.'
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On 11th January 1546 Ernest I Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 48] died. His son William [aged 10] succeeded Duke Brunswick Lüneburg.
On 12th October 1561 William "Younger" Welf Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 26] and Dorothea Oldenburg Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 15] were married. She by marriage Duchess Brunswick Lüneburg. She the daughter of Christian III King of Denmark and Dorothea of Saxe Lauenburg Queen Consort Denmark and Norway [aged 50]. They were half sixth cousins.
In 1592 George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 9] succeeded Duke Brunswick Lüneburg.
In 1617 George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 34] and Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 15] were married. She by marriage Duchess Brunswick Lüneburg.
On 12th April 1641 George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 59] died. His son Christian [aged 19] succeeded Duke Brunswick Lüneburg.
In 1665 Christian Ludwig Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 43] died. His brother George [aged 40] succeeded Duke Brunswick Lüneburg.
On 2nd April 1676 George Wilhelm Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg [aged 52] and Eleonore Esmier D'Olbreuse Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg were married. She by marriage Duchess Brunswick Lüneburg. He the son of George Hanover Duke Brunswick-Lüneburg and Anne Eleonore Hesse Darmstadt Duchess Brunswick-Lüneburg.
Before 5th June 1400 Frederick I Duke Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel [aged 43] was created 1st Duke Brunswick Wolfenbüttel.
In 1417 Adolph de la Marck I Duke Cleves [aged 43] was created I Duke Cleves. Marie Valois Duchess Cleves [aged 24] by marriage Duchess Cleves.
On 22nd April 1455 John de la Marck I Duke Cleves [aged 36] and Elizabeth Valois Duchess Cleves [aged 16] were married. She by marriage Duchess Cleves. She the daughter of John Valois II Count of Nevers, Etampes, Rethel and Eu [aged 40] and Jacqueline Ailly Countess Nevers. He the son of Adolph de la Marck I Duke Cleves and Marie Valois Duchess Cleves [aged 62]. They were second cousins. He a great x 5 grandson of King Edward I of England. She a great x 5 granddaughter of King Edward I of England.
On 5th September 1481 John de la Marck I Duke Cleves [aged 62] died. His son John [aged 23] succeeded II Duke Cleves. His son Engelbert [aged 18] succeeded Count Nevers.
In 1490 John "Babymaker" de la Marck II Duke Cleves [aged 31] and Mathilde Hesse Duchess Cleves [aged 16] were married. She by marriage Duchess Cleves. She the daughter of Margrave Henry III of Upper Hesse. He the son of John de la Marck I Duke Cleves and Elizabeth Valois Duchess Cleves.
On 15th March 1521 John "Babymaker" de la Marck II Duke Cleves [aged 62] died. His son John [aged 30] succeeded III Duke Cleves.
On 6th February 1538 John de la Marck III Duke Cleves [aged 47] died. His son William [aged 21] succeeded Duke Cleves. Maria Habsburg Spain Duchess Cleves [aged 6] by marriage Duchess Cleves.
On 5th January 1592 William de la Marck Duke of Jülich Cleves Berg [aged 75] died. His son Johann [aged 29] succeeded Duke Cleves.
The History of William Marshal was commissioned by his son shortly after William’s death in 1219 to celebrate the Marshal’s remarkable life; it is an authentic, contemporary voice. The manuscript was discovered in 1861 by French historian Paul Meyer. Meyer published the manuscript in its original Anglo-French in 1891 in two books. This book is a line by line translation of the first of Meyer’s books; lines 1-10152. Book 1 of the History begins in 1139 and ends in 1194. It describes the events of the Anarchy, the role of William’s father John, John’s marriages, William’s childhood, his role as a hostage at the siege of Newbury, his injury and imprisonment in Poitou where he met Eleanor of Aquitaine and his life as a knight errant. It continues with the accusation against him of an improper relationship with Margaret, wife of Henry the Young King, his exile, and return, the death of Henry the Young King, the rebellion of Richard, the future King Richard I, war with France, the death of King Henry II, and the capture of King Richard, and the rebellion of John, the future King John. It ends with the release of King Richard and the death of John Marshal.
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John de la Marck I Duke Cleves succeeded I Duke Cleves.
John de la Marck III Duke Cleves and Maria Jülich Berg Duchess Cleves were married. She by marriage Duchess Cleves. He the son of John "Babymaker" de la Marck II Duke Cleves and Mathilde Hesse Duchess Cleves.
Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus Wittelsbach Duke Leuchtenberg was appointed Duke Leuchtenberg.
On 21st June 1692 Frederick William I Duke Mecklenburg-Schwerin [aged 17] succeeded I Duke Mecklenburg Schwerin.
On 2nd January 1704 Frederick William I Duke Mecklenburg-Schwerin [aged 28] and Sophie Charlotte Hesse-Kassel Duchess Mecklenburg-Schwerin [aged 25] were married. She by marriage Duchess Mecklenburg Schwerin. She the daughter of Charles I Landgrave Hesse-Kassel [aged 49] and Maria Amalia of Courland Landgravine Hesse-Kassel [aged 50]. They were fourth cousins.
On 28th November 1747 Carl Leopold Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin [aged 69] died. His brother Christian [aged 64] succeeded Duke Mecklenburg Schwerin.
On 23rd April 1374 Bogislaw V Duke of Pomerania [aged 56] died. His son Wartislaw [aged 29] succeeded 6th Duke Pomerania.
On 13th June 1394 Wartislaw Griffins VI Duke Pomerania [aged 49] died. His son Barnim [aged 29] succeeded 6th Duke Pomerania. Veronica Hohenzollern Duchess Pomerania by marriage Duchess Pomerania.
On 22nd September 1405 Barnim Griffins 6th Duke Pomerania [aged 40] died of plague. His son Barnim succeeded 7th Duke Pomerania.
On 23rd August 1415 Wartislaw Griffins 8th Duke Pomerania died. His nephew Wartislaw succeeded 9th Duke Pomerania.
On 22nd September 1450 Barnim Griffins 7th Duke Pomerania died. His uncle Wartislaw succeeded 8th Duke Pomerania.
Henrici Quinti, Angliæ Regis, Gesta, is a first-hand account of the Agincourt Campaign, and subsequent events to his death in 1422. The author of the first part was a Chaplain in King Henry's retinue who was present from King Henry's departure at Southampton in 1415, at the siege of Harfleur, the battle of Agincourt, and the celebrations on King Henry's return to London. The second part, by another writer, relates the events that took place including the negotiations at Troye, Henry's marriage and his death in 1422.
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On 20th March 1568 Albert "The Elder" Hohenzollern I Duke Prussia [aged 77] died. His son Albert [aged 14] succeeded Duke Prussia.
Albert "The Elder" Hohenzollern I Duke Prussia was created I Duke Prussia. Anna Maria Guelph Duchess Prussia by marriage Duchess Prussia.
On 7th July 1602 Friedrich Wilhelm Wettin I Duke Saxe Weimar [aged 40] died at Weimar. His son Friedrich [aged 3] succeeded Duke Saxe Altenburg.
On 18th July 1605 Johann Wettin II Duke Saxe Weimar [aged 35] died. His nephew Johann [aged 8] succeeded Duke Saxe Altenburg.
On 24th October 1625 Friedrich Wettin Duke Saxe Altenburg [aged 26] was shot in the head during a skirmish. He was unmarried. His brother Johann [aged 25] succeeded Duke Saxe Altenburg.
In 1632 Johann Wilhelm Wettin Duke Saxe Altenburg [aged 32] died. His brother Friedrich [aged 28] succeeded II Duke Saxe Altenburg.
Albert Saxe Gotha Duke Saxe Coburg was appointed Duke Saxe Coburg.
On 6th March 1776 Francis Saxe Coburg Gotha I Duke Saxe Coburg Gotha [aged 25] and Sophie Saxe Hildburghausen Duchess Saxe Coburg Gotha were married. She by marriage Duchess Saxe Coburg Gotha. She the daughter of Ernst Friedrich Saxe Hildburghausen 2nd Duke Saxe Hildburghausen. He the son of Ernest Frederick Saxe Coburg Saalfeld Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld [aged 51] and Sophia Antonia Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld [aged 52].
On 13th June 1777 Francis Saxe Coburg Gotha I Duke Saxe Coburg Gotha [aged 26] and Augusta Reuss Duchess Saxe Coburg Gotha [aged 20] were married. She by marriage Duchess Saxe Coburg Gotha. He the son of Ernest Frederick Saxe Coburg Saalfeld Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld [aged 53] and Sophia Antonia Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld [aged 53]. They were fifth cousins.
On 8th September 1800 Ernest Frederick Saxe Coburg Saalfeld Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld [aged 76] died at Coburg. His son Francis [aged 50] succeeded I Duke Saxe Coburg Gotha.
Westminster Chronicle of King Richard II, 1381-1394
The Westminster Chronicle is one of the most vivid and important narrative sources for the reign of Richard II. Written by an anonymous chronicler closely connected with Westminster Abbey, it covers the years 1381 to 1394, from the Peasants’ Revolt to the political tensions, court ceremonies, diplomatic negotiations, royal progresses, and public crises of Richard’s later reign. Rich in detail the chronicle records major events such as the conflicts between the King and Lords Appellant, King and the City of London, negotiations with France and Scotland, the death and funeral of Queen Anne of Bohemia, the illness of Charles VI of France, and the changing fortunes of leading nobles including John of Gaunt, Thomas of Gloucester, Robert de Vere, and the Earl of Arundel. The Chronicle offers readers a remarkable window into late fourteenth-century England, combining political observation, courtly spectacle, urban drama, ecclesiastical affairs, and moral judgement. It is an essential source for anyone interested in medieval monarchy, London, Westminster, and the troubled reign of Richard II.
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On 9th December 1806 Francis Saxe Coburg Gotha I Duke Saxe Coburg Gotha [aged 56] died. His son Ernest [aged 22] succeeded I Duke Saxe Coburg Gotha.
On 3rd July 1817 Ernest Saxe Coburg Gotha I Duke Saxe Coburg Gotha [aged 33] and Duchess Louise Dorothea of Saxe Coburg Altenburg [aged 16] were married. She by marriage Duchess Saxe Coburg Gotha. She the daughter of Duke Augustus of Saxe Coburg Altenburg [aged 44] and Louise Charlotte Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He the son of Francis Saxe Coburg Gotha I Duke Saxe Coburg Gotha and Augusta Reuss Duchess Saxe Coburg Gotha [aged 60]. They were second cousin once removed.
On 23rd December 1832 Ernest Saxe Coburg Gotha I Duke Saxe Coburg Gotha [aged 48] and Marie Württemberg Duchess Saxe Coburg Gotha [aged 33] were married. She by marriage Duchess Saxe Coburg Gotha. She the daughter of Alexander Württemberg Duke Württemberg [aged 61] and Antoinette Ernestine Amalie Saxe Coburg Gotha Duchess Württemberg. He the son of Francis Saxe Coburg Gotha I Duke Saxe Coburg Gotha and Augusta Reuss Duchess Saxe Coburg Gotha. They were uncle and niece.
On 29th January 1844 Ernest Saxe Coburg Gotha I Duke Saxe Coburg Gotha [aged 60] died. His son Ernest [aged 25] succeeded II Duke Saxe Coburg Gotha. Princess Alexandrine of Baden [aged 23] by marriage Duchess Saxe Coburg Gotha.
On 18th February 1680 John Ernest Saxe Coburg Saalfeld IV Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld [aged 21] and Sophie Hedwig Saxe Merseburg Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld were married at Merseburg, Saxony-Anhalt. She by marriage Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld. She the daughter of Christian Saxe Merseburg 1st Duke Saxe Merseburg. He the son of Ernest "The Pious" Saxe Gotha I Duke Saxe Gotha and Elisabeth Sophie Saxe Altenburg Duchess Saxe Gotha [aged 60].
On 2nd December 1690 John Ernest Saxe Coburg Saalfeld IV Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld [aged 32] and Charlotte Johanna Waldeck Wildungen Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld were married at Maastricht. She by marriage Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld. He the son of Ernest "The Pious" Saxe Gotha I Duke Saxe Gotha and Elisabeth Sophie Saxe Altenburg Duchess Saxe Gotha.
On 6th August 1699 Albert Saxe Gotha Duke Saxe Coburg [aged 51] died at Coburg. His brother John [aged 40] succeeded IV Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld.
On 2nd January 1723 Francis Josias Saxe Coburg Saalfeld Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld [aged 25] and Duchess Anna Sophie Of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld [aged 22] were married. She by marriage Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld. He the son of John Ernest Saxe Coburg Saalfeld IV Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld [aged 64] and Charlotte Johanna Waldeck Wildungen Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld. They were first cousin once removed.
On 17th February 1729 John Ernest Saxe Coburg Saalfeld IV Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld [aged 70] died. His son Christian [aged 45] succeeded John IV Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld.
On 16th September 1754 Francis Josias Saxe Coburg Saalfeld Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld [aged 56] died. His son Ernest [aged 30] succeeded Duke Saxe Coburg Saalfeld. Sophia Antonia Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld [aged 30] by marriage Duchess Saxe Coburg Saalfeld.
The True Chronicles of Jean le Bel Volume 2 Chapters 61-109 1342-1361
The Chronicle of Jean le Bel, Volume 2 continues one of the most important fourteenth-century accounts of the early Hundred Years’ War. Written by the Liège chronicler Jean le Bel, this vivid narrative follows the fortunes of Edward III, Jean II of France, the Black Prince, the great nobles of France and England, and the soldiers, captains and companies who shaped the conflict. This volume covers some of the most dramatic events of the period, including the battles of Crécy and Poitiers, the siege and capture of Calais, the captivity of King John, the rise of the Jacquerie, the turmoil in Paris under Étienne Marcel and Charles of Navarre, the devastation caused by the free companies, Edward III’s great campaign of 1359–1360, and the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Brétigny. Jean le Bel’s chronicle is especially valuable for its lively detail, its interest in chivalry, warfare, politics and reputation, and its influence on later chroniclers, most famously Froissart. This English translation presents the text in clear, readable British English while preserving the force and character of the original narrative. The translation includes extensive notes to help the reader better understand Jean le Bel's text. Volume 2 also includes translated appendices drawn from royal and administrative records, many from the English Record Office, which illuminate Edward III’s campaigns in Brittany, the siege and occupation of Calais, naval preparations, military finance, appointments, safe conducts and related affairs.
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In 1680 Christian Saxe Gotha Duke Saxe Eisenburg was created Duke Saxe Eisenburg at Eisenburg when the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Alternburg was divided.
On 24th October 1636 Ernest "The Pious" Saxe Gotha I Duke Saxe Gotha [aged 34] and Elisabeth Sophie Saxe Altenburg Duchess Saxe Gotha [aged 17] were married at Altenburg. She by marriage Duchess Saxe Gotha. She the daughter of Johann Philipp Wettin Duke Saxe Altenburg [aged 39] and Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg [aged 43]. He the son of Johann Wettin II Duke Saxe Weimar and Dorothea Maria Anhalt. They were first cousin once removed.
On 20th December 1644 Albert IV Wettin IV Duke Saxe Weimar [aged 45] died at Eisenach. His brother Ernest [aged 42] succeeded I Duke Saxe Gotha.
In 1675 Frederick Saxe Coburg Altenburg I Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg [aged 28] succeeded I Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg. Duchess Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe Gotha Altenburg [aged 26] by marriage Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg.
On 2nd August 1691 Frederick Saxe Coburg Altenburg I Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg [aged 45] died at Friedrichswerth, Gotha. His son Frederick [aged 15] succeeded II Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg.
On 7th June 1696 Frederick Saxe Coburg Altenburg II Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg [aged 19] and Magdalena Augusta Anhalt-Zerbst Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg were married. She by marriage Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg. He the son of Frederick Saxe Coburg Altenburg I Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg and Duchess Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe Gotha Altenburg.
On 23rd March 1732 Frederick Saxe Coburg Altenburg II Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg [aged 55] died at Altenburg. His son Duke [aged 32] succeeded III Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg. Luise Dorothea Saxe Meiningen Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg [aged 21] by marriage Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg.
On 21st March 1769 Duke Ernest of Saxe Coburg Altenburg [aged 24] and Charlotte Saxe Meiningen Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg [aged 17] were married at Meiningen. She by marriage Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg. He the son of Duke Frederick III of Saxe Coburg Altenburg III [aged 69] and Luise Dorothea Saxe Meiningen Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg. They were first cousin once removed.
On 10th March 1772 Duke Frederick III of Saxe Coburg Altenburg III [aged 72] died at Gotha. His son Duke [aged 27] succeeded Augus Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg.
On 20th April 1804 Duke Ernest of Saxe Coburg Altenburg [aged 59] died at Gotha. His son Duke [aged 31] succeeded Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg. Karoline Amalie Hesse-Kassel Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg [aged 32] by marriage Duchess Saxe Gotha Altenburg.
Abbot John Whethamstede’s Chronicle of the Abbey of St Albans
Abbot John Whethamstede's Register aka Chronicle of his second term at the Abbey of St Albans, 1451-1461, is a remarkable text that describes his first-hand experience of the beginning of the Wars of the Roses including the First and Second Battles of St Albans, 1455 and 1461, respectively, their cause, and their consequences, not least on the Abbey itself. His text also includes Loveday, Blore Heath, Northampton, the Act of Accord, Wakefield, and Towton, and ends with the Coronation of King Edward IV. In addition to the events of the Wars of the Roses, Abbot John, or his scribes who wrote the Chronicle, include details in the life of the Abbey such as charters, letters, land exchanges, visits by legates, and disputes, which provide a rich insight into the day-to-day life of the Abbey, and the challenges faced by its Abbot.
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On 17th May 1822 Duke Augustus of Saxe Coburg Altenburg [aged 49] died. His brother Duke [aged 47] succeeded IV Duke Saxe Gotha Altenburg.
Ernst Friedrich Saxe Hildburghausen 2nd Duke Saxe Hildburghausen succeeded 2nd Duke Saxe Hildburghausen.
On 24th December 1803 Georg I Duke of Saxe Meiningen [aged 42] died. His son Bernhard [aged 3] succeeded II Duke Saxe Meiningen.
On 3rd December 1882 Bernhard II Duke of Saxe Meiningen [aged 81] died. His son Georg [aged 56] succeeded II Duke Saxe Meiningen.
On 25th June 1914 Georg II Duke of Saxe Meiningen [aged 88] died. His son Bernhard [aged 63] succeeded III Duke Saxe Meiningen.
Bernhard Saxe Gotha I Duke Saxe Meiningen was appointed I Duke Saxe Meiningen.
Christian Saxe Merseburg 1st Duke Saxe Merseburg was created 1st Duke Saxe Merseburg.
Henry Saxe Gotha Duke Saxe Römhild was appointed Duke Saxe Römhild.
On 2nd March 1573 Johann Wilhelm Wettin Duke Saxe Weimar [aged 42] died. His son Friedrich [aged 10] succeeded I Duke Saxe Weimar.
Johann Wilhelm Wettin Duke Saxe Weimar succeeded Duke Saxe Weimar. Dorothea Susanne Palatine Duchess Saxe Weimar by marriage Duchess Saxe Weimar.
Johann Wettin II Duke Saxe Weimar was appointed II Duke Saxe Weimar.
Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes
Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.
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John Ernest Wettin I Duke Saxe Weimar was appointed Ernest I Duke Saxe Weimar.
William Wettin Duke Saxe Weimar was appointed Duke Saxe Weimar.
Albert IV Wettin IV Duke Saxe Weimar was appointed IV Duke Saxe Weimar.
On 24th April 1816 Friedrich Karl Ludwig Oldenburg I Duke Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck [aged 58] died at Wellingsbüttel Manor. His son Friedrich [aged 31] succeeded Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg. Louise Caroline Hesse-Kassel Duchess Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg [aged 26] by marriage Duchess Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg.
On 17th February 1831 Friedrich Wilhelm Glücksburg Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg [aged 46] died. His son Karl [aged 18] succeeded Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg.
On 24th October 1878 Karl Glücksburg Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg [aged 66] died. His brother Friedrich [aged 64] succeeded Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg. Adelheid Schasumburg Lippe Duchess Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg by marriage Duchess Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg.
On 27th November 1885 Friedrich Glücksburg Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg [aged 71] died. His son Friedrich [aged 30] succeeded Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg. Victoria Friederike Oldenburg Duchess Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg [aged 25] by marriage Duchess Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg.
On 21st January 1934 Friedrich Ferdinand Glücksburg Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg [aged 78] died. His son Wilhelm [aged 42] succeeded Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg. Marie Melita Hohenlohe Langenburg Duchess Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg [aged 35] by marriage Duchess Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg.
On 10th February 1965 Wilhelm Friedrich Christian Glücksburg Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg [aged 73] died. His son Friedrich [aged 42] succeeded Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg.
Karl Glücksburg Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg and Vilhelmine Marie Unknown Duchess Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg were married. She by marriage Duchess Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg. He the son of Friedrich Wilhelm Glücksburg Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg and Louise Caroline Hesse-Kassel Duchess Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Glücksburg.
Chronicle of Geoffrey le Baker of Swinbroke
Baker was a secular clerk from Swinbroke, now Swinbrook, an Oxfordshire village two miles east of Burford. His Chronicle describes the events of the period 1303-1356: Gaveston, Bannockburn, Boroughbridge, the murder of King Edward II, the Scottish Wars, Sluys, Crécy, the Black Death, Winchelsea and Poitiers. To quote Herbert Bruce 'it possesses a vigorous and characteristic style, and its value for particular events between 1303 and 1356 has been recognised by its editor and by subsequent writers'. The book provides remarkable detail about the events it describes. Baker's text has been augmented with hundreds of notes, including extracts from other contemporary chronicles, such as the Annales Londonienses, Annales Paulini, Murimuth, Lanercost, Avesbury, Guisborough and Froissart to enrich the reader's understanding. The translation takes as its source the 'Chronicon Galfridi le Baker de Swynebroke' published in 1889, edited by Edward Maunde Thompson.
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Frederick Charles Unknown Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Plön was appointed Duke Schleswig Holstein Sonderburg Plön.
In 950 Liudolf Duke Swabia [aged 20] was appointed Duke Swabia.
Frederick "One Eyed" Hohenstaufen I Holy Roman Emperor was appointed II Duke Swabia.
Otto Duke Swabia Duke Bavaria was created Ist Duke Swabia.
Herman Swabia 1st Duke Swabia was created 1st Duke Swabia.
Herman Swabia 2nd Duke Swabia succeeded 2nd Duke Swabia.
Otto Welf IV Holy Roman Emperor was appointed IV Duke Swabia.
On 21st January 1900 Francis Teck [aged 62] died. His son Adolphus [aged 31] succeeded Duke Teck. Margaret Evelyn Grosvenor Duchess Teck [aged 26] by marriage Duchess Teck.
In 1593 Frederick I Duke Württemberg [aged 35] succeeded I Duke Württemberg.
On 4th July 1833 Alexander Württemberg Duke Württemberg [aged 62] died. His son Alexander [aged 29] succeeded Duke Württemberg.
In 1860 Ernest Württemberg Duke Württemberg [aged 53] and Nathalie Eschborn Duchess Württemberg were married. She by marriage Duchess Württemberg. He the son of Alexander Württemberg Duke Württemberg and Antoinette Ernestine Amalie Saxe Coburg Gotha Duchess Württemberg.
Annals of the six Kings of England by Nicholas Trivet
Translation of the Annals of the Six Kings of England by that traces the rise and rule of the Angevin aka Plantagenet dynasty from the mid-12th to early 14th century. Written by the Dominican scholar Nicholas Trivet, the work offers a vivid account of English history from the reign of King Stephen through to the death of King Edward I, blending political narrative with moral reflection. Covering the reigns of six monarchs—from Stephen to Edward I—the chronicle explores royal authority, rebellion, war, and the shifting balance between crown, church, and nobility. Trivet provides detailed insight into defining moments such as baronial conflicts, Anglo-French rivalry, and the consolidation of royal power under Edward I, whose reign he describes with particular immediacy. The Annals combines careful year-by-year reporting with thoughtful interpretation, presenting history not merely as a sequence of events but as a moral and political lesson. Ideal for readers interested in medieval history, kingship, and the origins of the English state, this chronicle remains a valuable and accessible window into the turbulent world of the Plantagenet kings.
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In 1881 Alexander Württemberg Duke Württemberg [aged 77] died. His brother Ernest succeeded Duke Württemberg.
Alexander Württemberg Duke Württemberg succeeded Duke Württemberg. Antoinette Ernestine Amalie Saxe Coburg Gotha Duchess Württemberg by marriage Duchess Württemberg.
Conrad Zähringen 1st Duke Zähringen was created 1st Duke Zähringen.
On 24th April 1852 Leopold Grand Duke of Baden [aged 61] died. His son Louis [aged 27] succeeded II Grand Duke of Baden. He suffered from a mental illness during all of his life so his brother Frederick Grand Duke of Baden [aged 25] acted a Regent until 1852 when Frederick Grand Duke of Baden also became Grand Duke of Baden.
On 22nd January 1858 Louis II Grand Duke of Baden [aged 33] died. His brother Frederick [aged 31] succeeded I Grand Duke of Baden.
On 19th June 1804 Louis Hesse Darmstadt II Grand Duke [aged 26] and Princess Wilhelmine Baden [aged 15] were married. She by marriage Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine. They were first cousins.
On 6th April 1830 Louis I Grand Duke of Hesse [aged 76] died. His son Louis [aged 52] succeeded II Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.
On 16th June 1848 Louis Hesse Darmstadt II Grand Duke [aged 70] died. His son Louis [aged 42] succeeded III Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.
On 13th June 1877 Prince Louis Hesse Darmstadt IV Grand Duke [aged 39] was appointed IV Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.
In 1931 Georg Donatus Hesse Darmstadt Grand Duke [aged 24] and Cecilie Glücksburg Grand Duchess [aged 19] were married. She by marriage Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine. He the son of Ernest Louis Hesse Darmstadt Grand Duke [aged 62] and Eleonore Solms Hohensolms Lich Grand Duchess. They were first cousin once removed. He a great grandson of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. She a great x 2 granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.
Ernest Louis Hesse Darmstadt Grand Duke succeeded Louis Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. Eleonore Solms Hohensolms Lich Grand Duchess by marriage Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine.
Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes
Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.
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Georg Donatus Hesse Darmstadt Grand Duke succeeded Ernest Louis Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine.