The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Cardinal Henry Benedict Stewart 1725-1807

Paternal Family Tree: Stewart

On 3rd September 1719 James "Old Pretender" Stewart [aged 31] and [his mother] Maria Clementina Sobieska [aged 17] were married. He the son of [his grandfather] King James II of England Scotland and Ireland and [his grandmother] Mary of Modena Queen Consort England Scotland and Ireland.

On 11th March 1725 Cardinal Henry Benedict Stewart was born to James "Old Pretender" Stewart [aged 36] and Maria Clementina Sobieska [aged 22]. He a grandson of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland.

On 18th January 1735 [his mother] Maria Clementina Sobieska [aged 32] died.

On 1st January 1766 James "Old Pretender" Stewart [aged 77] died.

On 13th July 1807 Cardinal Henry Benedict Stewart [aged 82] died.

Cardinal Henry Benedict Stewart appears on the following Descendants Family Trees:

Royal Ancestors of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stewart 1725-1807

Kings Wessex: Great x 19 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England

Kings Gwynedd: Great x 16 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd

Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 22 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth

Kings Powys: Great x 17 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys

Kings Godwinson: Great x 18 Grand Son of King Harold II of England

Kings England: Grand Son of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland

Kings Scotland: Grand Son of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland

Kings France: Great x 2 Grand Son of Henry IV King France

Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 23 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine

Kings Spain: Great x 7 Grand Son of John II King Aragon

Ancestors of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stewart 1725-1807

Great x 4 Grandfather: Matthew Stewart 4th Earl Lennox 2 x Great Grandson of King James II of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandfather: Henry "Lord Darnley" Stewart Great Grandson of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Douglas Countess Lennox Granddaughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 2 Grandfather: King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland Grandson of King James V of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: King James V of Scotland son of King James IV of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary Queen of Scots daughter of King James V of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary of Guise Queen Consort Scotland 5 x Great Granddaughter of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 1 Grandfather: King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland son of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Christian III King of Denmark 8 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France

Great x 3 Grandfather: Frederick II King of Denmark 9 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France

Great x 4 Grandmother: Dorothea of Saxe Lauenburg Queen Consort Denmark and Norway

Great x 2 Grandmother: Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland 10 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France

Great x 4 Grandfather: Ulrich Mecklenburg-Schwerin 9 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France

Great x 3 Grandmother: Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark 10 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France

Grandfather: King James II of England Scotland and Ireland son of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Charles Bourbon Duke Vendôme 4 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 3 Grandfather: Antoine King Navarre 5 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 4 Grandmother: Françoise Valois Countess Vendôme 4 x Great Granddaughter of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 2 Grandfather: Henry IV King France 3 x Great Grandson of Charles "Victorious" VII King France

Great x 4 Grandfather: King Henry II of Navarre Great Grandson of Charles "Victorious" VII King France

Great x 3 Grandmother: Jeanne Albret III Queen Navarre 2 x Great Granddaughter of Charles "Victorious" VII King France

Great x 4 Grandmother: Marguerite Valois Orléans Queen Consort Navarre 2 x Great Granddaughter of King Charles V of France

Great x 1 Grandmother: Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England daughter of Henry IV King France

Great x 2 Grandmother: Marie de Medici Queen Consort France 3 x Great Granddaughter of John II King Aragon

Great x 4 Grandfather: Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor Great Grandson of John II King Aragon

Great x 3 Grandmother: Joanna of Austria Grand Duchess Tuscany 2 x Great Granddaughter of John II King Aragon

Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne Jagiellon 2 x Great Granddaughter of John II King Aragon

Father: James "Old Pretender" Stewart son of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Cesare Este Duke Modena 21 x Great Grandson of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor

Great x 3 Grandfather: Alfonso Este IV Duke Modena 22 x Great Grandson of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor

Great x 2 Grandfather: Francesco Este I Duke Modena 23 x Great Grandson of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor

Great x 1 Grandfather: Alfonso Este IV Duke Modena 24 x Great Grandson of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor

Grandmother: Mary of Modena Queen Consort England Scotland and Ireland 25 x Great Granddaughter of Charles "Charlemagne aka Great" King of the Franks King Lombardy Holy Roman Emperor

Great x 2 Grandfather: Girolamo Martinozzi Count da Fano

Great x 1 Grandmother: Laura Martinozzi Duchess Modena

Great x 3 Grandfather: Pietro Mazzarino

Great x 2 Grandmother: Laura Mazarin

Cardinal Henry Benedict Stewart Grandson of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland

Great x 1 Grandfather: John III Sobieski King Poland

Grandfather: James Louis Sobieski

Mother: Maria Clementina Sobieska