The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy
The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.
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Paternal Family Tree: Stewart
Maternal Family Tree: Maria Susanne Luise von Degenfeld 1634 1677
On 25th December 1759 [her father] George Lennox [aged 22] and [her mother] Louisa Kerr were married. She the daughter of [her grandfather] William Henry Kerr 4th Marquess Lothian [aged 49] and [her grandmother] Caroline Darcy Marchioness Lothian. He the son of Charles Lennox 2nd Duke Richmond and Sarah Cadogan Duchess Richmond. They were fourth cousin once removed. He a great grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland. She a great x 4 granddaughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland.
On 6th December 1765 Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst was born to George Lennox [aged 28] and Louisa Kerr. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
In April 1789 Henry Bathurst 3rd Earl Bathurst [aged 26] and Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst [aged 23] were married. He the son of Henry Bathurst 2nd Earl Bathurst [aged 74] and Tryphena Scawen Countess Bathurst Sussex [aged 58]. They were fifth cousin once removed. She a great x 2 granddaughter of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
On 9th September 1789 [her brother] Charles Lennox 4th Duke Richmond [aged 25] and [her sister-in-law] Charlotte Gordon Duchess Richmond [aged 20] were married at Gordon Castle, Fochabers. She the daughter of Alexander Gordon 4th Duke Gordon [aged 46] and Jane Maxwell Duchess Gordon [aged 41]. They were sixth cousins. He a great x 2 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
On 24th February 1790 [her son] Henry George Bathurst 4th Earl Bathurst was born to [her husband] Henry Bathurst 3rd Earl Bathurst [aged 27] and Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst [aged 24] at Apsley House, Hyde Park Corner. He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
On 14th February 1791 [her son] William Lennox Bathurst 5th Earl Bathurst was born to [her husband] Henry Bathurst 3rd Earl Bathurst [aged 28] and Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst [aged 25]. He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
In 1792 [her daughter] Louisa Bathurst was born to [her husband] Henry Bathurst 3rd Earl Bathurst [aged 29] and Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst [aged 26]. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
In 1794 [her son] Peter George Allen Bathurst was born to [her husband] Henry Bathurst 3rd Earl Bathurst [aged 31] and Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst [aged 28]. He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland. He died aged two in 1796.
On 6th August 1794 [her father-in-law] Henry Bathurst 2nd Earl Bathurst [aged 80] died at Oakley Grove Cirencester, Gloucestershire. His son [her husband] Henry [aged 32] succeeded 3rd Earl Bathurst of Bathurst in Sussex, 3rd Baron Bathurst. Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst [aged 28] by marriage Countess Bathurst of Bathurst in Sussex.
Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes
Récits d’un bourgeois de Valenciennes aka The Chronicle of a Bourgeois of Valenciennes is a vivid 14th-century vernacular chronicle written by an anonymous urban chronicler from Valenciennes in the County of Hainaut. It survives in a manuscript that describes local and regional history from about 1253 to 1366, blending chronology, narrative episodes, and eyewitness-style accounts of political, military, and social events in medieval France, Flanders, and the Low Countries. The work begins with a chronological framework of events affecting Valenciennes and its region under rulers such as King Philip VI of France and the shifting allegiances of local nobility. It includes accounts of conflicts, sieges, diplomatic manoeuvres, and the impact of broader struggles like the Hundred Years’ War on urban life in Hainaut. Written from the perspective of a burgher (bourgeois) rather than a monastery or royal court, the chronicle offers a rare lay viewpoint on high politics and warfare, reflecting how merchants, townspeople, and civic institutions experienced the turbulence of the 13th and 14th centuries. Its narrative style combines straightforward reporting of events with moral and civic observations, making it a valuable source for readers interested in medieval urban society, regional politics, and the lived experience of war and governance in pre-modern Europe.
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In 1795 [her son] Thomas Seymour Bathurst was born to [her husband] Henry Bathurst 3rd Earl Bathurst [aged 32] and Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst [aged 29]. He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland. He married Julia Hankey and had issue.
In 1796 [her son] Peter George Allen Bathurst [aged 2] died.
In 1798 [her daughter] Emily Bathurst was born to [her husband] Henry Bathurst 3rd Earl Bathurst [aged 35] and Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst [aged 32]. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland. She married 16th March 1825 her fourth cousin once removed Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby, son of Frederick Ponsonby 3rd Earl Bessborough and Henrietta Frances Spencer Countess Bessborough, and had issue.
In 1802 [her son] Charles Bathurst was born to [her husband] Henry Bathurst 3rd Earl Bathurst [aged 39] and Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst [aged 36]. He a great x 3 grandson of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland. He married 31st July 1830 Emily Caroline Bertie, daughter of Montagu Bertie 5th Earl of Abingdon and Emily Gage Countess of Abingdon.
On 25th March 1805 [her father] George Lennox [aged 67] died.
On 29th December 1806 [her uncle] Charles Lennox 3rd Duke Richmond [aged 71] died at Goodwood West Sussex. He was buried at Chichester Cathedral [Map]. His nephew [her brother] Charles [aged 42] succeeded 4th Duke Richmond, 4th Earl March, 4th Baron Settrington. [her sister-in-law] Charlotte Gordon Duchess Richmond [aged 38] by marriage Duchess Richmond.
On 28th August 1819 [her brother] Charles Lennox 4th Duke Richmond [aged 54] died. His son [her nephew] Charles [aged 28] succeeded 5th Duke Richmond, 5th Earl March, 5th Baron Settrington. Caroline Paget Duchess Richmond [aged 23] by marriage Duchess Richmond.
On 16th March 1825 [her son-in-law] Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby [aged 41] and Emily Bathurst [aged 27] were married. She the daughter of Henry Bathurst 3rd Earl Bathurst [aged 62] and Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst [aged 59]. He the son of Frederick Ponsonby 3rd Earl Bessborough [aged 67] and Henrietta Frances Spencer Countess Bessborough. They were fourth cousin once removed. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland.
Greville Memoirs. 20th July 1830. Yesterday was a very busy day with his Majesty, who is going much too fast, and begins to alarm his Ministers and astonish the world. In the morning he inspected the Coldstream Guards, dressed (for the first time in his life) in a military uniform and with a great pair of gold spurs half-way up his legs like a game cock, although he was not to ride, for having chalk-stones in his hands he can't hold the reins. The Queen came to Lady Bathurst's [aged 64] to see the review and hold a sort of drawing-room, when the Ministers' wives were presented to her, and official men, to which were added Lady Bathurst's relations; everybody was in undress except the officers. She is very ugly, with a horrid complexion, but has good manners, and did all this (which she hated) very well. She said the part as if she was acting, and wished the green curtain to drop. After the review the King, with the Dukes of Cumberland, Sussex, and Gloucester, and Prince George and the Prince of Prussia, and the Duchess of Cumberland's son, came in through the garden gate; the Duchess of Gloucester and Princess Augusta were already there; they breakfasted and then went away, the Duke of Gloucester bowing to the company while nobody was taking any notice of him or thinking about him. Nature must have been merry when she made this Prince, and in the sort of mood that certain great artists used to exhibit in their comical caricatures; I never saw a countenance which that line in Dryden's M'Flecknoe would so well describe—
And lambent dulness plays around his face.
Greville Memoirs. 20th July 1830. All this was very well; no great harm in it; more affable, less dignified than the late King; but when this was over, and he might very well have sat himself quietly down and rested, he must needs put on his plainer clothes and start on a ramble about the streets, alone too. In Pall Mall he met Watson Taylor, and took his arm and went up St. James's Street. There he was soon followed by a mob making an uproar, and when he got near White's a woman came up and kissed him. Belfast (who had been sworn in Privy Councillor in the morning), who saw this from White's, and Clinton thought it time to interfere, and came out to attend upon him. The mob increased, and, always holding W. Taylor's arm, and flanked by Clinton and Belfast, who got shoved and kicked about to their inexpressible wrath, he got back to the Palace amid shouting and bawling and applause. When he got home he asked them to go in and take a quiet walk in the garden, and said, 'Oh, never mind all this; when I have walked about a few times they will get used to it, and will take no notice.' There are other stories, but I will put down nothing I do not see or hear, or hear from the witnesses. Belfast told me this in the Park, fresh from the scene and smarting from the buffeting he had got. All the Park was ringing with it, and I told Lady Bathurst [aged 64], who thought it so serious she said she would get [her husband] Lord Bathurst [aged 68] to write to the Duke directly about it. Lord Combermere wanted to be made a Privy Councillor yesterday, but the Duke would not let it be done; he is in a sort of half-disgrace, and is not to be made yet, but will be by-and-by.
Greville Memoirs. 21st July 1830. I came and established myself here last night after the Duchess of Bedford's ball. Lady Bathurst [aged 64] told me that the Queen spoke to her yesterday morning about the King's walk and being followed, and said that for the future he must walk early in the morning, or in some less public place, so there are hopes that his activity may be tamed. He sent George Fitzclarence off from dinner in his silk stockings and cocked hat to Boulogne to invite the King of Würtemberg to come here; he was back in fifty-six hours, and might have been in less. He employs him in everything, and I heard Fitzclarence yesterday ask the Duke of Leeds for two of his father's horses to ride about on his jobs and relieve his own, which the Duke agreed to, but made a wry face. Mount Charles [aged 63] has refused to be Lord of the Bedchamber; his wife [aged 61] can't bear it, and he doesn't like to go to Windsor under such altered circumstances. I hardly ever record the scandalous stories of the day, unless they relate to characters or events, but what relates to public men is different from the loves and friendships of the idiots of society.
On 31st July 1830 Charles Bathurst [aged 28] and Emily Caroline Bertie [aged 19] were married. She the daughter of Montagu Bertie 5th Earl of Abingdon [aged 46] and Emily Gage Countess of Abingdon. He the son of Henry Bathurst 3rd Earl Bathurst [aged 68] and Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst [aged 64].
Anne Boleyn. Her Life as told by Lancelot de Carle's 1536 Letter.
In 1536, two weeks after the execution of Anne Boleyn, her brother George and four others, Lancelot du Carle, wrote an extraordinary letter that described Anne's life, and her trial and execution, to which he was a witness. This book presents a new translation of that letter, with additional material from other contemporary sources such as Letters, Hall's and Wriothesley's Chronicles, the pamphlets of Wynkyn the Worde, the Memorial of George Constantyne, the Portuguese Letter and the Baga de Secrets, all of which are provided in Appendices.
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Greville Memoirs. 16th November 1830. I had a long conversation with Lady Bathurst [aged 64], who told me that the Duke had resolved to stand or fall on the Reform question, that he had asked [her husband] Lord Bathurst's [aged 68] opinion, who had advised him by all means to do so; that Lord Bathurst had likewise put his own place at the Duke's disposal long before, and was ready to resign at any moment. It is clear that Lord Bathurst had some suspicion that the Duke had an idea of not standing or falling by that question, for he asked him whether anybody had given him different advice, to which he replied, though it seems rather vaguely, 'No, oh no; I think you are quite right.' I told her the substance of what I had heard about his being disposed to a compromise. She said it was quite impossible, that he would be disgraced irredeemably, but owned it was odd that there should be that notion and the suspicion which crossed Lord Bathurst's mind. I do think it is possible, but for his honour I hope not. The Bathursts felt this appointment of William was a sort of 'Nunc dimittis,' but there is yet something between the cup and the lip, for Stanley got up in the House of Commons and attacked the appointment, and it is just possible it may yet be stopped.
In 1834 [her son] Thomas Seymour Bathurst [aged 39] died.
On 27th July 1834 [her husband] Henry Bathurst 3rd Earl Bathurst [aged 72] died. His son Henry [aged 44] succeeded 4th Earl Bathurst of Bathurst in Sussex, 4th Baron Bathurst.
On 20th January 1841 Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst [aged 75] died.
Kings Wessex: Great x 21 Grand Daughter of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England
Kings Gwynedd: Great x 18 Grand Daughter of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd
Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 24 Grand Daughter of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth
Kings Powys: Great x 19 Grand Daughter of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys
Kings Godwinson: Great x 20 Grand Daughter of King Harold II of England
Kings England: Great x 2 Grand Daughter of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland
Kings Scotland: Great x 2 Grand Daughter of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland
Kings France: Great x 4 Grand Daughter of Henry IV King France
Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 25 Grand Daughter of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine
Kings Spain: Great x 9 Grand Daughter of John II King Aragon
Great x 4 Grandfather: King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland Grand Son of King James V of Scotland
Great x 3 Grandfather: King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland
Son of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland
10 x Great Grand Daughter of King Philip III of France
Great x 2 Grandfather: King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland
Son of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Henry IV King France
3 x Great Grand Son of Charles "Victorious" VII King France
Great x 3 Grandmother: Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England
Daughter of Henry IV King France
Great x 4 Grandmother: Marie de Medici Queen Consort France 3 x Great Grand Daughter of John II King Aragon
Great x 1 Grandfather: Charles Lennox 1st Duke Richmond
Son of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland
Great x 3 Grandfather: Guillaume de Penancoët Seigneur de Kéroualle
Great x 2 Grandmother: Louise Kéroualle 1st Duchess Portsmouth
Great x 4 Grandfather: Sébastien de Plœuc Marquis du Timeur et de Kergolay
Great x 3 Grandmother: Marie de Plœuc
GrandFather: Charles Lennox 2nd Duke Richmond
Grand Son of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Brudenell 1st Earl Cardigan
Great x 3 Grandfather: Robert Brudenell 2nd Earl Cardigan
8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Mary Tresham Countess Cardigan 7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Francis Brudenell
9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Savage 1st Viscount Savage
7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Anna Savage Countess Cardigan
8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Darcy 1st Countess Rivers
9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Anne Brudenell Duchess Richmond
9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: John Savile 1st Baron Savile
6 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Thomas Savile 1st Earl of Sussex
7 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Carey Baroness Savile
6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandmother: Frances Savile
8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Christopher Villiers 1st Earl Anglesey
8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Anne Villiers Countess Sussex
9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Sheldon Countess Anglesey
Father: George Lennox
Great Grand Son of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Henry Cadogan
Great x 3 Grandfather: William Cadogan
Great x 2 Grandfather: Henry Cadogan
Great x 1 Grandfather: William Cadogan 1st Earl Cadogan
Great x 4 Grandfather: George Waller
Great x 3 Grandfather: Hardress Waller
Great x 2 Grandmother: Bridget Waller
GrandMother: Sarah Cadogan Duchess Richmond
Great x 1 Grandmother: Margaret Cecilia Munter Countess Cadogan
Georgiana Lennox Countess Bathurst
2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: William Kerr 1st Earl Lothian 4 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 3 Grandfather: Robert Kerr 1st Marquess Lothian 5 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne Kerr 3rd Countess of Lothian 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King James I of Scotland
Great x 2 Grandfather: William Kerr 2nd Marquess Lothian 6 x Great Grand Son of King Henry VII of England and Ireland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Archibald Campbell 1st Marquess Argyll 5 x Great Grand Son of King James I of Scotland
Great x 3 Grandmother: Jean Campbell 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King James I of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Douglas Marchioness Argyll 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King James I of Scotland
Great x 1 Grandfather: William Kerr 3rd Marquess Lothian 5 x Great Grand Son of King James V of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Archibald Campbell 1st Marquess Argyll 5 x Great Grand Son of King James I of Scotland
Great x 3 Grandfather: Archibald Campbell 9th Earl Argyll 6 x Great Grand Son of King James I of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Douglas Marchioness Argyll 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King James I of Scotland
Great x 2 Grandmother: Jean Campbell Marchioness Lothian 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King James V of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: James Stewart 4th Earl of Moray
2 x Great Grand Son of King James V of Scotland
Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary Stewart Countess Argyll
3 x Great Grand Daughter of King James V of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Home Countess Moray 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
GrandFather: William Henry Kerr 4th Marquess Lothian 6 x Great Grand Son of King James V of Scotland
Mother: Louisa Kerr 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Conyers Darcy 1st Earl Holderness
8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandfather: Conyers Darcy 2nd Earl Holderness
9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Grace Rokeby
Great x 2 Grandfather: John Darcy
10 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Thomas Howard 1st Earl Berkshire
8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Frances Howard
9 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Elizabeth Cecil Countess Berkshire
8 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 1 Grandfather: Robert Darcy 3rd Earl Holderness
11 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: William Sutton
Great x 3 Grandfather: Robert Sutton 1st Baron Lexinton
Great x 4 Grandmother: Susan Cony
Great x 2 Grandmother: Bridget Sutton
13 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
Great x 4 Grandfather: Anthony St Leger
11 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England
Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary St Leger Baroness Lexington
12 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England
GrandMother: Caroline Darcy Marchioness Lothian
3 x Great Grand Daughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Hans Meinhard Schomberg
Great x 3 Grandfather: Frederick Schomberg 1st Duke Schomberg 8 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 4 Grandmother: Anne Dudley
7 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward III of England
Great x 2 Grandfather: Meinhart Schomberg 3rd Duke Schomberg 9 x Great Grand Son of King Edward III of England
Great x 1 Grandmother: Frederica Schomberg Countess Holderness and Fitzwalter 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandfather: Frederick Palatinate Simmern V Elector Palatine Rhine
6 x Great Grand Son of King Charles V of France
Great x 3 Grandfather: Charles Louis Palatinate Simmern
Grand Son of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 4 Grandmother: Princess Elizabeth Stewart Queen Bohemia
Daughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 2 Grandmother: Karoline von der Pfalz
Great Grand Daughter of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland
Great x 3 Grandmother: Maria Susanne Luise von Degenfeld