The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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James Stewart 1st Duke Cambridge 1663-1667

Paternal Family Tree: Stewart

Maternal Family Tree: Anne Denman 1581-1661

On 3rd September 1660 James, Duke of York [aged 26] and Anne Hyde [aged 23] were married in secret. She by marriage Duchess York. She gave birth to their son Charles Stewart seven weeks later. She the daughter of [his grandfather] Edward Hyde 1st Earl Clarendon [aged 51] and [his grandmother] Frances Aylesbury Countess Clarendon [aged 43]. He the son of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England [aged 50].

On 12th July 1663 James Stewart 1st Duke Cambridge was born to James, Duke of York [aged 29] and Anne Hyde Duchess of York [aged 26] at St James's Palace [Map]. He died aged three in 1667.

In 1665 John Denham [aged 50] and Margaret Brooke Lady Denham [aged 25] were married. She, thereafter, conducted a very public affair with the future King James II [aged 31]. To her husband's mortification, she insisted on being acknowledged publicly as a Royal mistress, saying that she would not, unlike her predecessor Goditha Price "go up and down the back stairs". The difference in their ages was 25 years.

On 3rd June 1665 at the Battle of Lowestoft an English fleet commanded by King James II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 31], Prince Rupert Palatinate Simmern 1st Duke Cumberland [aged 45] and Edward Montagu 1st Earl Sandwich [aged 39] defeated a Dutch Fleet.

Richard Boyle was killed.

Charles Maccarthy Viscount Muskerry was killed.

Charles Berkeley 1st Earl Falmouth [aged 35] was killed by a cannonball aboard the Royal Charles. Earl Falmouth extinct, Baron Botetourt Langport in Somerset extinct. His father Charles [aged 65] succeeded 2nd Viscount Fitzhardinge of Berehaven in Kerry. Penelope Godolphin Viscountess Fitzhardinge by marriage Viscountess Fitzhardinge of Berehaven in Kerry. Possibly the only occasion when a father has succeeded his son.

Charles Weston 3rd Earl of Portland [deceased] was killed by a cannon shot. On 13th June 1665 His uncle Thomas [aged 55] succeeded 4th Earl of Portland, 4th Baron Weston of Nayland in Suffolk.

Thomas Allin 1st Baronet [aged 53] was present.

Admiral Jeremy Smith commanded the Mary.

Captain George Batts fought. He was assigned to Sir George Ayscue's [aged 49] division in the Blue Squadron.

James Ley 3rd Earl Marlborough [aged 47] was killed at the Battle of Lowestoft commanding Old James attempting to recover a captured ship. His half brother William [aged 53] succeeded 4th Earl Marlborough.

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In 1666 Charles Stewart 1st Duke Kendal was created 1st Duke Kendal by King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland. No patent was ever enrolled

In 1666 James Stewart 1st Duke Cambridge [aged 2] was appointed 468th Knight of the Garter by [his uncle] King Charles II of England Scotland and Ireland [aged 35].

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 6th December 1666. So to supper and to bed. This day, in the Gazette, is the whole story of defeating the Scotch rebells, and of the creation of the Duke of Cambridge [aged 3], Knight of the Garter.

On 6th January 1667 Margaret Brooke Lady Denham [aged 27] died. She was rumoured to have been poisoned by her husband John Denham [aged 52] by giving her a poisoned cup of chocolate. In any case rumour named several other possible poisoners, including her former lover James [aged 33], his wife Anne Hyde [aged 29] and his sister-in-law, Lady Rochester [aged 21].

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 29th April 1667. Thence to Sir G. Carteret [aged 57], and there talked a little while about office business, and thence by coach home, in several places paying my debts in order to my evening my accounts this month, and thence by and by to White Hall again to Sir G. Carteret to dinner, where very good company and discourse, and I think it my part to keep in there now more than ordinary because of the probability of my Lord's coming soon home. Our Commissioners for the treaty set out this morning betimes down the river. Here I hear that the Duke of Cambridge [aged 3], the Duke of York's [aged 33] son, is very sick; and my Lord Treasurer [aged 60] very bad of the stone, and hath been so some days.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 30th April 1667. Thence to the office, where we sat all the morning, but little to do, and then to the 'Change [Map], where for certain I hear, and the News book declares, a peace between France and Portugal. Met here with Mr. Pierce, and he tells me the Duke of Cambridge [aged 3] is very ill and full of spots about his body, that Dr. Frazier [aged 57] knows not what to think of it.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 14th May 1667. After dinner comes Fist, and he and I to our report again till 9 o'clock, and then by coach to my Chancellor's [aged 58], where I met Mr. Povy [aged 53], expecting the coming of the rest of the Commissioners for Tangier. Here I understand how the two Dukes, both the only sons of the Duke of York [aged 33], are sick even to danger, and that on Sunday last they were both so ill, as that the poor Duchess [aged 30] was in doubt which would die first: the Duke of Cambridge [aged 3] of some general disease; the other little Duke [aged 18], whose title I know not, of the convulsion fits, of which he had four this morning. Fear that either of them might be dead, did make us think that it was the occasion that the Duke of York and others were not come to the meeting of the Commission which was designed, and my Chancellor did expect.

On 22nd May 1667 Charles Stewart 1st Duke Kendal died. Duke Kendal extinct.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 23rd May 1667. This day I hear also that last night the Duke of Kendall [deceased], second son of the Duke of York [aged 33], did die; and that the other, Duke of Cambridge [aged 3], continues very ill still. This afternoon I had opportunity para jouer with Mrs. Pen [aged 16], tokendo her mammailles and baisando elle, being sola in the casa of her pater, and she fort willing.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 25th May 1667. Up, and to the office, where all the morning. At noon dined at home, and there come Mr. Pierce, the surgeon, and dined with me, telling me that the Duke of Cambridge [aged 3] continues very ill, so as they do despair of his living.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 27th May 1667. So to my chamber, and there did some little business, and then abroad, and stopped at the Bear-garden-stairs, there to see a prize fought. But the house so full there was no getting in there, so forced to go through an alehouse into the pit, where the bears are baited; and upon a stool did see them fight, which they did very furiously, a butcher and a waterman. The former had the better all along, till by and by the latter dropped his sword out of his hand, and the butcher, whether not seeing his sword dropped I know not, but did give him a cut over the wrist, so as he was disabled to fight any longer. But, Lord! to see how in a minute the whole stage was full of watermen to revenge the foul play, and the butchers to defend their fellow, though most blamed him; and there they all fell to it to knocking down and cutting many on each side. It was pleasant to see, but that I stood in the pit, and feared that in the tumult I might get some hurt. At last the rabble broke up, and so I away to White Hall and so to St. James's, but I found not Sir W. Coventry [aged 39], so into the Park and took a turn or two, it being a most sweet day, and so by water home, and with my father and wife walked in the garden, and then anon to supper and to bed. The Duke of Cambridge [aged 3] very ill still.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 5th June 1667. So to bed. The Duke of Cambridge [aged 3] past hopes of living still.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 6th June 1667. This afternoon comes Mr. Pierce to me about some business, and tells me that the Duke of Cambridge [aged 3] is yet living, but every minute expected to die, and is given over by all people, which indeed is a sad loss.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 9th June 1667. Lord's Day. Up, and by water to White Hall, and so walked to St. James's, where I hear that the Duke of Cambridge [aged 3], who was given over long since by the Doctors, is now likely to recover; for which God be praised!

On 20th June 1667 James Stewart 1st Duke Cambridge [aged 3] died at Richmond Palace [Map]. He was buried at Westminster Abbey [Map]. Duke Cambridge extinct.

Samuel Pepys' Diary. 22nd June 1667. They being gone, by and by comes Sir W. Pen [aged 46] home, and he and I together talking. He hath been at Court; and in the first place, I hear the Duke of Cambridge [deceased] is dead; a which is a great loss to the nation, having, I think, never an heyre male now of the King's or Duke's to succeed to the Crown. He tells me that they do begin already to damn the Dutch, and call them cowards at White Hall, and think of them and their business no better than they used to do; which is very sad.

On 20th September 1673 James, Duke of York [aged 39] and Mary of Modena Queen Consort England Scotland and Ireland [aged 14] were married. The difference in their ages was 24 years. He the son of [his grandfather] King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and [his grandmother] Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England.

James Stewart 1st Duke Cambridge appears on the following Descendants Family Trees:

Royal Ancestors of James Stewart 1st Duke Cambridge 1663-1667

Kings Wessex: Great x 18 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England

Kings Gwynedd: Great x 15 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd

Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 21 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth

Kings Powys: Great x 16 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys

Kings Godwinson: Great x 17 Grand Son of King Harold II of England

Kings England: Son of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland

Kings Scotland: Son of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland

Kings France: Great Grand Son of Henry IV King France

Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 22 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine

Kings Spain: Great x 6 Grand Son of John II King Aragon

Ancestors of James Stewart 1st Duke Cambridge 1663-1667

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Stewart 3rd Earl Lennox Great Grandson of King James II of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandfather: Matthew Stewart 4th Earl Lennox 2 x Great Grandson of King James II of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabel or Elizabeth Stewart Countess Lennox 3 x Great Granddaughter of King Robert II of Scotland

Great x 2 Grandfather: Henry "Lord Darnley" Stewart Great Grandson of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Archibald Douglas 6th Earl Angus 4 x Great Grandson of King Robert III of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Douglas Countess Lennox Granddaughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Tudor Queen Scotland daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 1 Grandfather: King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland Grandson of King James V of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: King James IV of Scotland son of King James III of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandfather: King James V of Scotland son of King James IV of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Tudor Queen Scotland daughter of King Henry VII of England and Ireland

Great x 2 Grandmother: Mary Queen of Scots daughter of King James V of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Claude Lorraine 1st Duke Guise 4 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 3 Grandmother: Mary of Guise Queen Consort Scotland 5 x Great Granddaughter of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 4 Grandmother: Antoinette Bourbon Duchess of Guise 4 x Great Granddaughter of King John "The Good" II of France

Grandfather: King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland son of King James I of England and Ireland and VI of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: King Frederick I of Denmark

Great x 3 Grandfather: Christian III King of Denmark 8 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France

Great x 4 Grandmother: Anna of Brandenburg 7 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France

Great x 2 Grandfather: Frederick II King of Denmark 9 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France

Great x 3 Grandmother: Dorothea of Saxe Lauenburg Queen Consort Denmark and Norway

Great x 1 Grandmother: Anne of Denmark Queen Consort Scotland England and Ireland 10 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France

Great x 4 Grandfather: Albrecht VII Duke Mecklenburg

Great x 3 Grandfather: Ulrich Mecklenburg-Schwerin 9 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France

Great x 4 Grandmother: Anna Hohenzollern Duchess Mecklenburg 8 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France

Great x 2 Grandmother: Sophie Mecklenburg-Schwerin Queen Consort Denmark 10 x Great Granddaughter of King Philip III of France

Father: King James II of England Scotland and Ireland son of King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Francis Bourbon Count Vendôme and Soissons 5 x Great Grandson of King Louis IX of France

Great x 3 Grandfather: Charles Bourbon Duke Vendôme 4 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 4 Grandmother: Marie Luxembourg Countess Vendôme and Soissons 3 x Great Granddaughter of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 2 Grandfather: Antoine King Navarre 5 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 4 Grandfather: Rene Valois Duke Alençon 3 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 3 Grandmother: Françoise Valois Countess Vendôme 4 x Great Granddaughter of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Lorraine Duchess Alençon 3 x Great Granddaughter of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 1 Grandfather: Henry IV King France 3 x Great Grandson of Charles "Victorious" VII King France

Great x 4 Grandfather: Jean III King Navarre 4 x Great Grandson of King John "The Good" II of France

Great x 3 Grandfather: King Henry II of Navarre Great Grandson of Charles "Victorious" VII King France

Great x 4 Grandmother: Catherine Grailly I Queen Navarre Granddaughter of Charles "Victorious" VII King France

Great x 2 Grandmother: Jeanne Albret III Queen Navarre 2 x Great Granddaughter of Charles "Victorious" VII King France

Great x 4 Grandfather: Charles Valois Orléans Count Angoulême Great Grandson of King Charles V of France

Great x 3 Grandmother: Marguerite Valois Orléans Queen Consort Navarre 2 x Great Granddaughter of King Charles V of France

Great x 4 Grandmother: Louise of Savoy Countess Angoulême 3 x Great Granddaughter of King John "The Good" II of France

Grandmother: Henrietta Maria Bourbon Queen Consort England daughter of Henry IV King France

Great x 1 Grandmother: Marie de Medici Queen Consort France 3 x Great Granddaughter of John II King Aragon

Great x 4 Grandfather: Philip "Handsome Fair" King Castile 4 x Great Grandson of King Edward III of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor Great Grandson of John II King Aragon

Great x 4 Grandmother: Joanna "The Mad" Trastámara Queen Castile Granddaughter of John II King Aragon

Great x 2 Grandmother: Joanna of Austria Grand Duchess Tuscany 2 x Great Granddaughter of John II King Aragon

Great x 4 Grandfather: Vladislaus II King Hungary 6 x Great Grandson of King Philip III of France

Great x 3 Grandmother: Anne Jagiellon 2 x Great Granddaughter of John II King Aragon

Great x 4 Grandmother: Anna Foix Queen Consort of Hungary and Bohemia Great Granddaughter of John II King Aragon

James Stewart 1st Duke Cambridge son of King James II of England Scotland and Ireland

Great x 2 Grandfather: Lawrence Hyde

Great x 1 Grandfather: Henry Hyde

Great x 3 Grandfather: Nicholas Sibell

Great x 2 Grandmother: Anne Sibell

Grandfather: Edward Hyde 1st Earl Clarendon

Great x 2 Grandfather: Edward Langford

Great x 1 Grandmother: Mary Langford

Mother: Anne Hyde Duchess of York

Great x 2 Grandfather: William Aylesbury

Great x 1 Grandfather: Thomas Aylesbury 1st Baronet

Grandmother: Frances Aylesbury Countess Clarendon

Great x 1 Grandmother: Anne Denman