The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy

The Gesta Normannorum Ducum [The Deeds of the Dukes of Normandy] is a landmark medieval chronicle tracing the rise and fall of the Norman dynasty from its early roots through the pivotal events surrounding the Norman Conquest of England. Originally penned in Latin by the monk William of Jumièges shortly before 1060 and later expanded at the behest of William the Conqueror, the work chronicles the deeds, politics, battles, and leadership of the Norman dukes, especially William’s own claim to the English throne. The narrative combines earlier historical sources with firsthand information and oral testimony to present an authoritative account of Normandy’s transformation from a Viking settlement into one of medieval Europe’s most powerful realms. William’s history emphasizes the legitimacy, military prowess, and governance of the Norman line, framing their expansion, including the conquest of England, as both divinely sanctioned and noble in purpose. Later chroniclers such as Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni continued the history, extending the coverage into the 12th century, providing broader context on ducal rule and its impact. Today this classic work remains a foundational source for understanding Norman identity, medieval statesmanship, and the historical forces that reshaped England and Western Europe between 800AD and 1100AD.

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Biography of James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet 1463-1497

Paternal Family Tree: Tuchet

Maternal Family Tree: Joan Botetort 1356-1417

14th April 1471 Battle of Barnet

4th May 1471 Battle of Tewkesbury

1497 Cornish Rebellion

1497 Battle of Blackheath aka Deptford Bridge

Around 1463 James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet was born to John Tuchet 6th Baron Audley, 3rd Baron Tuchet [aged 37] and Anne Echingham Baroness Audley Heighley [aged 43]. Coefficient of inbreeding 1.57%.

14th April 1471 Battle of Barnet

On 14th April 1471 Edward IV [aged 28] commanded at the Battle of Barnet supported by his brothers George [aged 21] and Richard [aged 18], John Babington [aged 48], Wiliam Hastings [aged 40] (commanded), Ralph Hastings, William Norreys [aged 30], William Parr [aged 37], John Savage [aged 49], William Bourchier Viscount Bourchier [aged 41], Thomas St Leger [aged 31], [his father] John Tuchet 6th Baron Audley, 3rd Baron Tuchet [aged 45], Thomas Burgh 1st Baron Burgh of Gainsborough [aged 40], John Scott [aged 48] and Thomas Strickland.

The Yorkists William Blount [aged 29], Humphrey Bourchier [aged 36], Henry Stafford [aged 46] and Thomas Parr were killed.

Humphrey Bourchier 1st Baron Cromwell [aged 40], was killed. Baron Cromwell extinct.

The Lancastrians...

Warwick the Kingmaker [aged 42] was killed. Earl Salisbury, Baron Montagu, Baron Montagu and Baron Monthermer forfeit on the assumption he was attainted either before or after his death; the date of his attainder is unknown. If not attainted the titles may have been abeyant between his two daughters Isabel Neville Duchess Clarence [aged 19] and Anne Neville Queen Consort England [aged 14].

John Neville 1st Marquess Montagu [aged 40] was killed. Marquess Montagu, Baron Montagu forfeit; unclear as to when he was attainted. He was buried at Bisham Abbey [Map].

William Tyrrell was killed.

William Fiennes 2nd Baron Saye and Sele [aged 43] was killed. His son Henry [aged 25] succeeded 3rd Baron Saye and Sele. Anne Harcourt Baroness Saye and Sele by marriage Baroness Saye and Sele.

Henry Holland 3rd Duke Exeter [aged 40] commanded the left flank, was badly wounded and left for dead, Henry Stafford and John Paston [aged 27] were wounded, John de Vere 13th Earl of Oxford [aged 28] commanded, and John Paston [aged 29] and William Beaumont 2nd Viscount Beaumont [aged 33] fought.

Robert Harleston [aged 36] was killed.

Thomas Hen Salusbury [aged 62] was killed.

Thomas Tresham [aged 51] escaped but was subsequently captured and executed on the 6th of May 1471.

4th May 1471 Battle of Tewkesbury

On 4th May 1471 King Edward IV of England [aged 29] was victorious at the 4th May 1471 Battle of Tewkesbury. His brother Richard [aged 18], Richard Beauchamp 2nd Baron Beauchamp Powick [aged 36], John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk [aged 46], George Neville 4th and 2nd Baron Abergavenny [aged 31], John Savage [aged 49], John Savage [aged 27], Thomas St Leger [aged 31], [his father] John Tuchet 6th Baron Audley, 3rd Baron Tuchet [aged 45], Thomas Burgh 1st Baron Burgh of Gainsborough [aged 40] fought. William Brandon [aged 46], George Browne [aged 31], Ralph Hastings, Richard Hastings Baron Willoughby [aged 38], James Tyrrell [aged 16], Roger Kynaston of Myddle and Hordley [aged 38] were knighted. William Hastings 1st Baron Hastings [aged 40] commanded.

Margaret of Anjou [aged 41] was captured. Her son Edward of Westminster Prince of Wales [aged 17] was killed. He was the last of the Lancastrian line excluding the illegitmate Charles Somerset 1st Earl of Worcester [aged 11] whose line continues to the present.

John Courtenay 7th or 15th Earl Devon [aged 36] was killed and attainted. Earl Devon forfeit. Some sources refer to these titles as being abeyant?

John Wenlock 1st Baron Wenlock [aged 71] was killed. Baron Wenlock extinct.

John Delves [aged 49], John Beaufort [aged 30], William Vaux of Harrowden [aged 35] and Robert Whittingham [aged 42] were killed.

Edmund Beaufort [aged 32], [his uncle] Humphrey Tuchet [aged 37] and Hugh Courtenay [aged 44] were captured.

Henry Roos fought and escaped to Tewkesbury Abbey [Map] where he sought sanctuary. He was subsequently pardoned.

William Carey [aged 34] was killed.

Around 1483 James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet [aged 20] and Margaret Darrell [aged 18] were married. They were fourth cousins. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.

Around 1483 [his son] John Tuchet 8th Baron Audley, 5th Baron Tuchet was born to James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet [aged 20] and [his wife] Margaret Darrell [aged 18]. He a great x 4 grandson of King Edward III of England. He married before 1512 Mary Griffin Baroness Audley Heighley, daughter of John Griffin 9th Baron Latimer Braybrooke, and had issue.

Around 29th September 1488 James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet [aged 25] and Joan Bourchier Baroness Audley and Tuchet were married. They were fourth cousin once removed. She a great x 3 granddaughter of King Edward III of England.

1497 Cornish Rebellion

Around April 1497 Cornish rose in rebellion against taxes being raised by King Henry VII of England and Ireland [aged 40] to support his wars against Scotland and against changes to the operation and privileges of the Cornish tin mining industry. The rebel army of 15,000 sought to replace Henry's ministers who they saw as responsible for the taxation: Cardinal John Morton [aged 77] and Reginald Bray [aged 57], the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The army travelled from Cornwall through Devon and Somerset attempting, unsuccessfully, to recruit more men. At Wells, Somerset [Map] they were joined by James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet [aged 34] who took on command. The rebel army then travelled through Salisbury and Winchester, Hampshire [Map].

When Henry became aware of the rebel army he diverted his main army led by Giles Daubeney 1st Baron Daubeney [aged 46] to meet the rebels. Daubeny's army camped at Hounslow Heath [Map] on 13th June 1497.

On 17th June 1497 James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet [aged 34] was imprisoned at Tower of London [Map].

Battle of Blackheath aka Deptford Bridge

On 17th June 1497 the Cornish rebel army was destroyed at the Battle of Blackheath aka Deptford Bridge.

Richard Guildford [aged 47] was created Knight Banneret.

Edward Stafford 2nd Earl Wiltshire [aged 27], Henry Willoughby [aged 46], Edward Belknapp of Blackfriars in London and Thomas Fiennes 8th Baron Dacre Gilsland [aged 25] fought at Deptford, Kent [Map].

Giles Brugge 6th Baron Chandos [aged 35], John Hussey 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford [aged 32], Robert Sheffield [aged 36], Edward Stanhope 1462-1487, John Peche [aged 47] and Robert Constable [aged 19] were knighted by King Henry VII of England and Ireland [aged 40].

Thomas West 8th Baron De La Warr 5th Baron West [aged 40] commanded.

James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet [aged 34] was captured by Gruffydd ap Rhys ap Thomas Deheubarth [aged 19].

After 17th June 1497 John Dynham 1st Baron Dynham [aged 64] acted in judgement of James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet [aged 34]. He was tried as a peer and sentenced to be beheaded spending his last night in Newgate Prison, London [Map].

On 28th June 1497 James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet [aged 34] was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]. He was buried at Blackfriars Church Holborn. His head was placed on a spike at London Bridge [Map]. Baron Audley of Heighley in Staffordshire and Baron Tuchet forfeit.

Wriothesley's Chronicle [1508-1562]. 17th June 1497. This yeare was Blackheath [Map] feild in June.e The Lord Awdley [aged 34] chiefe capteyn with 30,000 Cornishe men. The capteynes put to death,f.

Note e. June 22nd. [This is a mistake. The battle was fought on the 17th June 1497]

Note f. Lord Audley was beheaded at Tower Hill [Map]; Flammock, an attorney, and Michel Joseph, a blacksmith, were hanged at Tyburn [Map]; all the rest were pardoned by proclamation.

Chronicles of London Vitellius A XVI. [17th June 1497] And the said nyght was Secret Meanes made vnto my lord Chamberleyn by dyuers of the Cornysshe men, that it wold please his lordship to be a meane vnto the kynges grace that the said Comons of Cornwaill myght haue for theym a generall pardon ; And they wold of a Suyrtie bryng in to my said lord Chamberleyn the said lord Awdeley, And their other hede capitayne the Smyth. Vpon the ffriday folowyng in the mornyng, aboute viij of the Clok, the Ost of my lord Chamberleyn Removed out of the ffeeld, and went toward Croydon; but they after Retourned agayn, so that by ij of the Clok they wer all in the forenamed ffelde of Saynt Georges. And that after none came also thider the kynges Oste wt many of his lordes. And when the Mair with his Brethern and all the chief craftes of the Citie were redy standyng in barneys from the Brigge vnto Graschurche to Receyve the kyng, which as the Mair had vnderstandyng that his grace that nyght wold haue comen to the Tower, tydynges came to the Mayr that the kyng entendid that nyght to lye at Lambhith, so that then euery man departid home ; and the kyng was after seen in the ffeelde, and abrewyng and comfortyng of his people, the which wer numbred vpon XXV Ml men. And the Cornysshe men this after none came agayn vnto the blak heth, and there pitched their ffeeld, and there lay all that nyght in greate Agony and variaunce; ffor some of theym were myended to haue comyn to the kyng, and to hau yolden theym and put theym fully in his mercy and grace, but the Smyth was of the Contrary myende. And vpon the mornyng, aboute vj of the Clok of the Saterday, beyng the XIJth day of Juyn, sir Humfrey Stanley wt his Cumpany set vpon theym, and my lord of Oxinford and other vpon all other partes, so that wtin a short season, or evir the kyng myght approche the ffeld, they were distressid ; Albe it that my lord Chamberleyn hastid hym in all possible wise, in such maner that hym self was in greate daunger, at whos comyng anon they fledde. And there was taken the lord Awdley [aged 34], and a Gentilman called fflammok, and their Capitayn the Smyth, all three on lyve and vnhurt, and moche of their people slayn, and many taken prisoners. And this done the kyng Rode to the place where they had pitched their ffelde. And aboute IJ of the Clok at after none he came over London Brigge, where at Saynt Magnus Chirch [Map] the Mair wt his brethren in Scarlet receyved hym, to whom he gave cherefull thankes for his good diligence of kepyng and orderyng of the Citie, and also for the plentevous vitailyng of his Ost; after which thankes geven, in the same place the kyng wt his owne swerd, which was gird aboute hym, he dubbed the Maire knyght, John Shaa [aged 37] one of the Shryffes knyght, and the Recorder, Robert Sheffeld [aged 36]. And so from thens Rode vnto powlis, and there offred. And from thens he went to the Tower, where he loged. And forthwith was proclamacion made through London, that euery man havyng eny prisoner shuld bryng forth the prisoner and his name by IX of the clok vpon Monday folowyng; and euerych of theym so havyng prisoner or prisoners shuld haue his prisoner or prisoners Restored, or elles competent Reward for theym. And after was dyuers of the said Prisoners Sold, some for XIJ D [6000] and summe for more. And vpon Monday folowyng the lord Awdeley, the forsaid flammok, and the Smyth, whos name was Mychaell Joseph, wer before the kyng and the lordes of his Counsaill wtin the Tower, and there examyned.

Chronicles of London Vitellius A XVI. And the same day [27th June 1497] was the lord Awdley [aged 34] had from the Tower to Westm'. the Axe of the Tower borne byfore hym. And there in the White hall a-Reyned and adiuged; and that after none drawen from Westm' vnto Newgate, and there Remayned all nyght. And vpon Weddensday in the mornyng, aboute IX of the Clok, drawen from the said Gaole of Newgate [Map] vnto the Tower hill wt a cote armour vpon hym of papir, all to torne; and there his hede stryken off: vpon whos Soule, and all christen god haue mercy! amen! And after his hede set vpon the Brigge. The cause of Rysyng of those Comons was after the Comon ffame for the graunt of swich money as was graunted at the last parliament, for the which the said Comons put in blame the Archbisshop of Caunterbury, my lord Cardynall, also the Archebisshop of Durham, the Bisshop of Bathe, Sir Reynold Bray and Sir Thomas Lovell, knyghtes, wt other ; which persones their myendes was to have distroyed; this was their owteward Colour, what their Inward intent was God knoweth, but what hath ensued of like besynesse is euydent, as by Jak Straw, Jak Cade, and other.

William of Worcester's Chronicle of England

William of Worcester, born around 1415, and died around 1482 was secretary to John Fastolf, the renowned soldier of the Hundred Years War, during which time he collected documents, letters, and wrote a record of events. Following their return to England in 1440 William was witness to major events. Twice in his chronicle he uses the first person: 1. when writing about the murder of Thomas, 7th Baron Scales, in 1460, he writes '… and I saw him lying naked in the cemetery near the porch of the church of St. Mary Overie in Southwark …' and 2. describing King Edward IV's entry into London in 1461 he writes '… proclaimed that all the people themselves were to recognize and acknowledge Edward as king. I was present and heard this, and immediately went down with them into the city'. William’s Chronicle is rich in detail. It is the source of much information about the Wars of the Roses, including the term 'Diabolical Marriage' to describe the marriage of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s brother John’s marriage to Katherine, Dowager Duchess of Norfolk, he aged twenty, she sixty-five or more, and the story about a paper crown being placed in mockery on the severed head of Richard, 3rd Duke of York.

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Chronicle of Robert Fabyan [-1512]. And vpon the xxviii [28th June 1497] daye of luny, the smyth & a gentylman named Flamok, two capytaynes of ye sayd rebeiles, were put in execucyon at Tybourne. And shortely after the lorde Audeley [aged 34], which was hed capytayne of the sayd rebeiles, was put to deth at y Towre Hylle.

On 3rd March 1532 [his former wife] Joan Bourchier Baroness Audley and Tuchet died.

[his father] John Tuchet 6th Baron Audley, 3rd Baron Tuchet and [his mother] Anne Echingham Baroness Audley Heighley were married. They were second cousins. He a great x 5 grandson of King Henry III of England. She a great x 5 granddaughter of King Henry III of England.

James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet 1463-1497 appears on the following Descendants Family Trees:

Royal Ancestors of James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet 1463-1497

Kings Wessex: Great x 13 Grand Son of King Edmund "Ironside" I of England

Kings Gwynedd: Great x 11 Grand Son of Owain "Great" King Gwynedd

Kings Seisyllwg: Great x 16 Grand Son of Hywel "Dda aka Good" King Seisyllwg King Deheubarth

Kings Powys: Great x 12 Grand Son of Maredudd ap Bleddyn King Powys

Kings England: Great x 6 Grand Son of King Henry III of England

Kings Scotland: Great x 8 Grand Son of King William I of Scotland

Kings France: Great x 7 Grand Son of King Louis VIII of France

Kings Duke Aquitaine: Great x 17 Grand Son of Ranulf I Duke Aquitaine

Kings Spain: Great x 9 Grand Son of Alfonso II King Aragon

Ancestors of James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet 1463-1497

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Tuchet

Great x 2 Grandfather: John Tuchet 6 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: James Audley 2nd Baron Audley of Heighley 4 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Joan Audley 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Joan Mortimer 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King John of England

Great x 1 Grandfather: John Tuchet 4th Baron Audley, 1st Baron Tuchet 7 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 2 Grandmother: Maud Abrichecourt

GrandFather: James Tuchet 5th Baron Audley, 2nd Baron Tuchet 8 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: William Stafford

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Stafford 10 x Great Grand Son of Maredudd ab Owain King Deheubarth King Powys King Gwynedd

Great x 4 Grandmother: Isabel Stafford 9 x Great Grand Daughter of Maredudd ab Owain King Deheubarth King Powys King Gwynedd

Great x 2 Grandfather: Humphrey Stafford 7 x Great Grand Son of King David I of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: Ralph Stafford 1st Earl Stafford 7 x Great Grand Son of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Stafford 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King David I of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Katherine Hastings Baroness Stafford 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King David I of Scotland

Great x 1 Grandmother: Elizabeth Stafford Baroness Audley Heighley 8 x Great Grand Daughter of King David I of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandfather: William Greville

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Greville of Southwick

Great x 2 Grandmother: Alice Greville

Father: John Tuchet 6th Baron Audley, 3rd Baron Tuchet 5 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: William Ros 1st Baron Ros Helmsley 2 x Great Grand Son of King William I of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandfather: William Ros 2nd Baron Ros Helmsley 3 x Great Grand Son of King William I of Scotland

Great x 4 Grandmother: Maud Vaux Baroness Ros

Great x 2 Grandfather: Thomas Ros 4th Baron Ros Helmsley 4 x Great Grand Son of King William I of Scotland

Great x 3 Grandmother: Margery Badlesmere Baroness Ros of Helmsley 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Clare Baroness Badlesmere 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 1 Grandfather: William Ros 6th Baron Ros Helmsley 3 x Great Grand Son of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Edmund Stafford 1st Baron Stafford 9 x Great Grand Son of Maredudd ab Owain King Deheubarth King Powys King Gwynedd

Great x 3 Grandfather: Ralph Stafford 1st Earl Stafford 7 x Great Grand Son of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Basset 6 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry I "Beauclerc" England

Great x 2 Grandmother: Beatrice Stafford Countess Desmond 2 x Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Hugh Audley 1st Earl Gloucester 3 x Great Grand Son of King Henry "Curtmantle" II of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Margaret Audley Countess Stafford Great Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Margaret Clare Countess Gloucester Grand Daughter of King Edward I of England

GrandMother: Margaret Ros Baroness Audley Heighley 4 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Edmund Fitzalan 2nd or 9th Earl of Arundel 4 x Great Grand Son of King John of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Richard Fitzalan 3rd or 10th Earl of Arundel 8th Earl of Surrey 5 x Great Grand Son of King John of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Alice Warenne Countess Arundel 8 x Great Grand Daughter of Hugh I King of the Franks

Great x 2 Grandfather: John Fitzalan 1st Baron Arundel Baron Maltravers 2 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Henry Plantagenet 3rd Earl of Leicester 3rd Earl Lancaster Grand Son of King Henry III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Eleanor Plantagenet Countess Arundel and Surrey Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Maud Chaworth 9 x Great Grand Daughter of Hugh I King of the Franks

Great x 1 Grandmother: Margaret Fitzalan Baroness Ros of Helmsley 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Maltravers 1st Baron Maltravers

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Maltravers 4 x Great Grand Son of King John of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Milicent Berkeley 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King John of England

Great x 2 Grandmother: Eleanor Maltravers 2nd Baroness Maltravers Baroness Arundel and Cobham 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King John of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Gwenllian Unknown

James Tuchet 7th Baron Audley, 4th Baron Tuchet 6 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England

Great x 1 Grandfather: William Echingham

GrandFather: Thomas Echingham 4 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Edmund Fitzalan 2nd or 9th Earl of Arundel 4 x Great Grand Son of King John of England

Great x 3 Grandfather: Richard Fitzalan 3rd or 10th Earl of Arundel 8th Earl of Surrey 5 x Great Grand Son of King John of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Alice Warenne Countess Arundel 8 x Great Grand Daughter of Hugh I King of the Franks

Great x 2 Grandfather: John Fitzalan 1st Baron Arundel Baron Maltravers 2 x Great Grand Son of King Henry III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: Henry Plantagenet 3rd Earl of Leicester 3rd Earl Lancaster Grand Son of King Henry III of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Eleanor Plantagenet Countess Arundel and Surrey Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Maud Chaworth 9 x Great Grand Daughter of Hugh I King of the Franks

Great x 1 Grandmother: Joan Fitzalan 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England

Great x 4 Grandfather: John Maltravers 1st Baron Maltravers

Great x 3 Grandfather: John Maltravers 4 x Great Grand Son of King John of England

Great x 4 Grandmother: Milicent Berkeley 3 x Great Grand Daughter of King John of England

Great x 2 Grandmother: Eleanor Maltravers 2nd Baroness Maltravers Baroness Arundel and Cobham 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King John of England

Great x 3 Grandmother: Gwenllian Unknown

Mother: Anne Echingham Baroness Audley Heighley 5 x Great Grand Daughter of King Henry III of England

Great x 2 Grandfather: John Knyvet

Great x 1 Grandfather: John Knyvet

GrandMother: Margaret Knyvet

Great x 2 Grandfather: John Botetort

Great x 1 Grandmother: Joan Botetort